What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About American History Argumentative Essay Topics

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About American History Argumentative Essay Topics The Lost Secret of American History Argumentative Essay Topics The function of the USA has been integral in the evolution of the digitally advanced connected world. America is among the oldest nation in the world. The usa has had the biggest role to play in the institution of Capitalism as the dominant financial narrative of earth. History teaches about the past of a specific folks, community, society, and so on. New Ideas Into American History Argumentative Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Anyway, you're permitted to communicate directly with the writer handling your paper so you can make any clarifications. Look into the terms alone and make sure that chronological order is adhered to. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the most effective possible way. In the event you can't find your subject here, don't hesitate to have a talk with our staff and p ut an order for a customized history essay on your distinct subject. The Honest to Goodness Truth on American History Argumentative Essay Topics Otherwise, there are lots of style guides you may choose from. The list is really endless. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Introduction Your introduction ought to be compelling. If you are searching for examples of argumentative essays, here's a sample that will help you out! What you aspire to teach your reader will find out the sort of your essay. In addition, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. There are a lot more topics that can be of interest to a 10th grader. Nevertheless, should you wish to be given a great grade, you're want to choose a flawless history essay topic! If you would like to write a fantastic history essay you'd better pick a topic that is familiar to you. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. The topics for argumentative essays are frequently very self-explanatory they're common understanding. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections. Even in case you have good history essay topics and the correct ideas in mind, but you're not focused on writing, you may wind up having a low-quality paper. Remember your final grade significantly is dependent upon the topic. Your paper ought to be ordered in a logical fashion, and not jump around all around the place. As you might think that so as to create a great original argumentative paper, you've got to devote all night studying, it isn't accurate. Presenting of the opposition arguments would help to convince the readers that you've got a versatile compreh ension of the subject and that you're not below the effect of any bias. You have to discover good evidence to back up your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. If you commence working on objective arguments at this time, you are going to be more able to present them later. Don't forget, if you're writing an argument about whether they really existed, you're want to present evidence to back up your argument but will also will need to deal with the counterargument. American History Argumentative Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery Each of these varieties of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. There are lots of assortments of topics based on the subject you would decide to compose a paper. At length, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the significance of appropriate essay structure. Writing a research paper about such a considerable moment in the American history can be very advantageous there's already a grea t deal of research on the matter. Conclusion needs to be concise and logical. Topic You'll have to begin brainstorming early in the semester for a great topic. The topic ought to be quite controversial once you are writing an argumentative write up. Additionally, you can warn your audience about certain consequences that could occur if the problem under discussion isn't addressed properly. If you would like to choose nice and interesting American history essay topics, you should be conscious they ought to be specific and fairly narrow so that you're able to reflect on a particular problem or issue. If you can select the matter all on your own, it's possible to develop the issue of interest! Political issues are the very best example. People have equal chance for achievement. On a different note, American dream involves happiness which comes as a consequence of achievement as a person who would like to accomplish goals like becoming rich or being famous. The American drea m may also be achieved through other means aside from attaining education. Attaining American dream wants a career which is to be achieved amidst struggle. A Secret Weapon for American History Argumentative Essay Topics The primary goal of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. You must be quite sure in regards to the notion you want to expand on. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. Perhaps you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. You always wished to be treated like an adult and your teacher is going to provide you with the opportunity. For instance, you can opt for a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. Do not increase your probability of being discontinued from your studies due to trusting p eople who cannot even assist with choosing history essay topics for high school students.

The Role Of Captive Primates On Zoos And Sanctuaries

I. Intro A. Since the first zoo was opened, people have sought out the exotic animals’ captive in them. Primates are one of the most common species found in zoos and sanctuaries because of their resemblance to humans. In the 2000s, people knew little on how to care for and treat primates in zoos and sanctuaries. Later, in the 2010s improvements in care, health, and animal rights have been made to increase the quality of life for captive primates. Research Question: How has various aspects of captive primates changed in zoos and sanctuaries? II. Body A. 2000-2010 Environment changes in zoos and sanctuaries via advances in diet, socialization, enclosure space, etc. i. † Just a decade ago, animal rights activists advocated the â€Å"liberation† of apes in zoos, some unaware that a revolution in great ape exhibitry was under way worldwide. Today, 40 AZA zoos are currently planning or implementing significant improvements in their elephant exhibits (J. Maddy, personal communication, June 11, 2006). Many primate experts endorse exhibits designed to provide appropriate social stimulation and challenge the animal’s intellect. What is good for apes may be equally good for elephants†, (Maple 65). ii. â€Å"In captivity, the more stable and mostly higher food availability in combination with proper medical care, improved hygienic circumstance and lack of predation generally are found to reduce age of first reproduction [Parga Lessnau, 2005; Shumaker et al., 2008; Sugiyama Ohsawa,Show MoreRelatedThe Falling Population of the Endangered Asiatic Lion Essay examples2966 Words   |  12 Pagessouth-west Asia to eastern India1â⠂¬ . The Asiatic Lion is currently situated in India’s Gujuat State, â€Å"numbering approximately 175 mature individuals, all occurring within one subpopulation1† – According to Red List. The Asiatic Lions exist mainly in the sanctuary of Gir Forest, in an area of 1153km2. They are a sub population. The Asiatic Lion has decreased since 1974, however, recent analysis shows that Asiatic lions are now sable1, but, poaching has increased2. They have been poached more commonly nowRead MoreAnimal Personality As An Individual s Distinguishing Pattern Of Behavior3801 Words   |  16 PagesPsychologist have been interested in the role of individual differences in behaviour that may reflect temperament or personalities. This line of research has resulted in a number of studies revealing individual differences in personality traits in such diverse species as primates, marine mammals, insects, fish, invertebrates, and birds (Gosling, 2001). To add to the growing literature on animal personality, the personality of five Asian elephants at Melbourne Zoo was explored. The personality of theseRead MoreKenyan Tourism Industry11160 Words   |  45 PagesPinsky and Rahr (2005) argue for potential of inclusion of recreation angling as form of ecotourism. Novelli, Barnes and Humavindu argue that t rophy hunting should also be included into ecotourism. Ryan and Saward (2004) in regard to captive aspect of ecotourism argue that zoos redesigned to mimic noncaptive habitat could too qualify as ecotourism. There is more debate on inclusion of more cultural element in ecotourism and more recently inclusion of indigenous ecotourism wherein its argued that centuries

Journal Of Advanced Biotechnology Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Advanced Biotechnology Research? Answer: Introduction Supply Chain Management is an important part of the business and is crucial for its success and customers satisfaction. Lean Manufacturing principles are the essential elements in the supply chain. With the help of these principles companies are able to create high valued products with the help of fewer resources of time, materials and with fewer errors. So, these principles would be applied to Bega Cheese Limited which is a wholly owned and operated Australian cheese and dairy company. It is headquartered at Bega Valley in New South Wales. It was established in 1899. With the help of its product design and manufacturing processes, it is able to produce and distribute its products to consumers in more than fifty countries around the world including Australia (Business Chief, 2018). The manufacturing design and production of Bega Cheese Limited consists of procurement of pastures in the form of raw material. The company produces fresh dairy products with the help of Artificial Insemination. The last stage of supply chain is the processing and distribution of dairy products through subcontracted marketing (PWC, 2011). So, in this report, the product design of Bega Cheese Limited would be analyzed along with the literature review of the theories of lean manufacturing and process management. The above management principles would be implemented to eliminate wastages from the operations of the company to make it cost effective. Literature Review According to Adriana and Ioana (2014) process management refers to alignment of the processes with the goals and objectives of the organization. It also indicates the application of the process design and establishment of the process measurement systems which align with the goals of the organization. It also comprises of various automated systems including work flow and ERP systems introduced to make the processes easier and less dependable on the human resources. Thus in Bega Cheese there are three stages of product design and manufacturing viz. pre-production, production and processing and distribution. The pre-production stage refers to the procurement of the pastures or feed for the cows which consists of 30% of the total expenditure. The dairy industry is focused on the technology of Artificial Insemination (AI). It is observed that with the help of AI, the cows generate 1000 liters of more milk per year. The second stage comprises of production of fresh milk which amounted to 2, 38,156 tons in FY2016 thereby reporting an increase of 5.9 % from the previous year (Bega Cheese Limited, 2016). The third stage comprises of processing and distribution. In the domestic market, the dairy products move mainly through three supply networks viz supermarkets, the route trade and food service channels. The supermarket channels includes major supermarkets, smaller chains and independent stores which represent the biggest and developing channel of distribution while the route trade comprising of convenience stores is the second largest distribution channel for dairy production. While the food service channel is the third biggest distribution channel consisting of caterers, restaurants and fast food outlets (Muehlhoff, Bennett and MacMahon, 2013). Lean manufacturing or lean production is a systematic method to reduce the wastage arising out of manufacturing systems without sacrificing the productivity. Lean Manufacturing focuses on eliminating the processes which does not add worth to the manufacturing or product designing process. According to Vignesh and Kumar (2015) lean management takes care of the wastages arising in transport, inventory, motion, overproduction, over processing and defects in the dairy industry. This can be achieved through planning a simple manufacturing system and improving it on continuous basis. Thus the concept of process management and lean manufacturing assist in providing higher quality with low cost of production. Main Factors influencing the Manufacturing Process Design in Bega Cheese Limited The manufacturing process of cheese consists of three stages, viz. pre-production, production of fresh milk and processing and distribution of cheese to wholesalers and retailers. It also comprises of exporting it to more than 50 countries. There are various factors influencing the manufacturing process design in Bega Cheese Limited. The foremost component in the manufacturing process of cheese is raw materials i.e. pasture which comprise of 30% of the total cost of production (Dairy Australia, 2018). The cost of agricultural inputs such as pasture for the feeding of the cows represents a high share of the total costs of the firms operating in the dairy industry. Pastures help in maximizing the production of milk which in turn is used for manufacturing other dairy products. Fertilizer is an important output to support the growth of pastures which comprise of 10% of the total cost of production. Besides this, the characteristics of raw materials such as their bulkiness and high perishability are crucial elements to govern the manufacturing process design of the company. Most of the manufacturing centers of Bega Cheese Limited tend to locate near the local dairy farms for easy accessibility of raw milk supply. Another important component of production of cheese is milk. Due to less availability of milk, there has been an effect on the production of cheese. Also, there has been a noticeable move of the consumer preference from cheddar to non cheddar cheese. The dairy industry is mainly focused on genetic progress. The Artificial Insemination (AI) is widely used to increase the production of milk. The consumption of milk and cheese regulate the prices and manufacturing of the dairy products. Also, there are various risks affecting the manufacturing process design of Bega Cheese Limited. The internal risk comprise of Supply or Commercial Risks. It is the risk amounting to the risk of relationship failing or succeeding depending upon the loss of key supervisory resulting in business interruption or appointment of competent managerial personnel resulting in efficient production (Gitau, 2013). The operational risk pertains to the risk of human mistakes or carelessness which obstructs the supply chain. It includes the product design mistakes, risk of employee practices and interruptions in the manufacturing process. It is essential for the suppliers of milk to have enough capacity and safety in terms of collection and storage of milk. Due to lack of chilling and cooling centers, there is an increase in the storage cost and decline in the milk quality (Tamime, 2017). The strategic risks comprises of risk of plan failures such as imperfection of marketing and business strategy leading to failure in the execution of processes (Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence, 2014). For manufacturing of cheese, cows are milked two times a day and it can be stored in the refrigerators for not more than 48 hours. It increases the milk handling and storage costs leading to financial and performance loss. The technical risks pertain to the breakdown or failure in the operation of machinery or equipment. It affects the execution of processes relating to manufacturing or infrastructure. Degraded infrastructure for collection and storage of milk will influence the manufacturing process of cheese in the company. The lack of proper tools and techniques for milk storage will intensify the food safety and spoilage risks. The manufacturing process of cheese is affected by lack of an efficient refrigeration system for storage of milk. Long distances of transportation and insufficient chilling facilities affect the acquiring costs along with adversely affecting the quality of milk (Yazdaninasab and Sabaghi, 2016). The external risks affecting the manufacturing process design pertains to the risk of supplier and logistic failures. The risk of withdrawal of the suppliers of raw materials and disagreement on the payment terms can lead to disruption in the supply of raw material which can lead to disturbance in the production processes and finally on the revenue. The environmental risks comprise of natural disasters affecting the manufacturing process design of Bega Cheese Limited. It is one of the significant factors affecting the manufacturing product design of the dairy industry. The production of milk is affected by the season. Animals produce more milk in the spring season when the fields are lush whereas it reduces in the autumn and winter seasons. In order to avoid this problem, the farmers have to compensate with feed supplement to ensure that the production is carried out evenly throughout the year. Similarly, the quality of milk is also affected during the dry season. In the spring seasons, cows produce more milk with good quality as compared to winter and autumn seasons. Other important factors affecting the manufacturing and distribution processes are bad weather and volcanic eruptions. They cause delay in the manufacturing process including the transportation thereby increasing the transport, labor and opportunity costs. As milk and cheese are perishable products, delivery on time is crucial to meet the needs of the consumers. Due to the natural disasters, delays in the manufacturing and transportation processes may lead to spoilage of the product and rejections by the customers (Bajrami et al.,2017). The complexity of legal liabilities is yet another factor affecting the manufacturing process of Bega Cheese Limited. The European Union health and safety regulations affect the procurement and supply of milk for the manufacturing of cheese. These regulations test the quality of milk. If it fails to meet the safety standards, then it cant be moved further for production of cheese. The high cost of safety processes to meet the safety regulations will increase the pressure on margins, cost and efficiency of manufacturing processes (Schirone, Visciano, Tofalo and Suzzi, 2017). Reduction in the supplier base is another problem affecting the manufacturing processes of the company. It leads of shortage of the availability of raw materials such as milk which will finally lead to decrease in the production of cheese. Due to financial risks, the company faces the problem of fluctuating milk prices. It leads to less availability of milk to produce the cheese. The company has to pay more prices for their milk and it significantly affects the cost structure of the company. The shortage of skilled labor also affects the manufacturing process of Bega Cheese Limited. Due to high labor turnover ratio and exit of the skilled work force, the production of cheese is affected to a great extent. Moreover, the training and recruitment expenses of labor also affect the company financially. While automation may assist to fill the labor gap, humans will still be required by the company for their unique capability of problem solving, analyzing the issues and managing the outputs (Elms and Low, 2013). High competition also affects the manufacturing processes indirectly. To mitigate the global competition, the company has to introduce more efficiency and effectiveness in the manufacturing process. According to Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (n.d.) the factors affecting the manufacturing processes are inefficiency of the processing plants to produce more goods. Also, there is lack of transparency or accountability in pricing and the processors are unable to negotiate with the farmers thereby causing disruption in the supply of milk for the production of cheese. Another constraint in the development of the manufacturing process is low productivity of the animals to produce milk. There has been a decline in the contribution of the animals to yield milk in the recent years. Also, machine milking of these animals was not practiced till recent times. The challenges faced by the manufacturing processes in Bega Cheese Limited are lower quality and lack of infrastructure. Although the produced milk is reasonably hygienic but there is lack of infrastructure for handling it. There is inefficiency of cold storage and inappropriate arrangements to obtain quality milk from the producers. Furthermore, the milk produced from the buffaloes has different constituents from that produced from cows. So, technologies developed to manufacture the dairy products from cows milk cannot be implemented to buffalos milk without effective modifications (Guth, 2017). Additionally, with the changes in the target markets, there is a need to modify the manufacturing processes accordingly. With the increase in the life expectancy, number of older population has increased, so there is an increasing demand for special nutritional products. With the growing automation and changing methods of cooking in the kitchens, there is a need for manufacturing new and innovative dairy products to match the needs of the changing demands of the consumers (Bhattacharya, 2014). With the increasing awareness about the safety and hygiene of the products, the quality has to be maintained along with the price. Also, a remarkable growth has been projected for the convenience foods by the analysts. With the increasing awareness about the health, consumers are demanding for products which have high nutritional value but are low in fat. So, the manufacturing processes are to be modified accordingly. Also, the urban customers are demanding products with longer shelf life. All these trends indicate that the manufacturing processes of the dairy products demand innovations in their manufacturing styles (Kurajdova and Petrovicova, 2015). Appropriate training of the human resources is necessary for up gradation of the manufacturing processes according to the changing trends of the market. Besides this, Bega Cheese is facing certain challenges in the production of cheese and other dairy products such as implementation of cost effective and modern technologies to manufacture good quality products , diversification of the range of products , improvement and up gradation of the useful life of the products, evolution of proper systems of packaging, arrangements for storage, certifications of food safety, transportation and preservation of the food products sent for sale, government legislations, proper disposal of industrial waste, efficient management of resources and energy and customer services . Elimination of Wasteful Processes for Cost Reduction by Applying Lean Manufacturing Principles According to Manzouri et al. (2014) the lean management process consists of quality development, process focus, continuous improvement, value stream management and worker empowerment. The goal of lean management principle is to fulfill the consumer to the fullest through elimination of wastage in the production processes. Reduction of wastages can be considered in the human resources, production design processes, distribution and inventory procurement and storage sections. The Lean management principles can be divided into six areas viz process and equipment, manufacturing, planning and control, human resources, product design and customer and supplier relationships. Thus lean management principles comprise of problem identification, analysis to the cause of problems and resolving the identified problems. Bega Cheese Limited should implement principles such as Just In Time (JIT) which will help the company to procure as much resources which are needed. It will help in reduction of wastage of financial as well as material resources. As the company will purchase only the required resources when needed, less inventory will be kept idle in the warehouses thereby reducing the cost of production (Sathiyabama and Dasan, 2013). The number of resources should be kept as minimum as possible. For example, the number of suppliers should be less and stable. Bulk purchases should be procured from the suppliers so that the raw materials can be purchased at low prices thereby increasing cost effectiveness. Also, it can adopt other techniques such as Total Quality Management (TQM) which is a management approach to improve the processes, production, services and the overall work culture of the organization. By following this principle, the members of Bega Cheese can participate in upgrading the production processes by using strategy data and effective communication to integrate quality discipline into the undertakings and values of the organization (Malathi and Prasad, 2017). This approach is customer focused, process centered, needs involvement of the employees and a fact based decision making method to improve the supply chain of the company. Another method of lean management principles is Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) which is a holistic approach to equipment maintenance to accomplish the desired production. It emphasizes on no breakdowns of machinery, focuses to enhance the efficiency of the machinery along with valuing a safe working environment. It aims at proactive and preventive maintenance of machinery to increase its operational efficiency. Thus, the implementation program of TPM in Bega Cheese shall ensure the shared accountability and greater involvement for equipment maintenance by the plant floor workers. It can help in improving the productivity by increasing the up time; reduce cycling times and eliminating defects in the machinery (Madanhire and Mbohwa, 2015). The members in the supply chain should implement the lean principles to improve their internal activities in the first place. They should apply these principles to improve the product quality and reduce the procurement and transportation costs. They should further generalize these developments in all levels of the supply chain. Thus all the methods and procedures should be applied on the basis of overall supply chain benefits. The management of Bega Cheese should cultivate systematic thinking to improve the manufacturing processes such as improving the genetic development and preservation of the nationally important breeds through selective breeding in their domestic areas to increase the milk production capacity and draught ability (Hartman, 2015). Through genetic developments in the tolerance power, disease and pest resistance in higher yielding animals and pasture management can enhance the milk yielding capacity in the animals. The company needs introduce improvements in its productivity by reinforcing the use of frozen semen technology, embryo transfer technology and cloning of embryos through biotechnology. Additionally, the company should adopt benchmarking best practices by innovating new technologies to produce products which meet the changing demands of the customers. To address this, research and development interventions and newer developments in the dairy processing areas can be utilized to enhance the processes for production of traditional milk products. According to Garnier, Valence and Mounier (2017) in order to resolve the problems related to contamination of dairy products and to increase their shelf life, technologies such as air filtration and decontamination systems, inactivation treatments, controlling of temperature and modified atmosphere packaging should be adopted by the company to increase the productivity and to cater to the changing needs of the customers. Besides this, an energy cost is a crucial aspect in determination of production cost. It can be reduced by adopting non-conventional sources of energy such as heat pumps, condensate recovery systems and regeneration. Thus the adoption of the lean management principles can certainly improve the performance of the company (Arslankayaa and Atay, 2015). Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that the ultimate goal of lean management principles is to eliminate wastage and increase the productivity of the manufacturing processes. To implement this, the bench marketing of the best industrial practices should be done by providing the training courses and developing adequate skills and expertise among the human resources of the company. Also, conducting regular meetings of the people involved in supply chain to enable effective decision making .These endeavors will make the employees feel accountable for the activities which will minimize system failures. Implementation of proper IT infrastructure is crucial to help in forecasting demands, developing standard products and decreasing human errors pertaining to the manufacturing and packing processes. References Adriana, M. and Ioana, A. (2014) The Traceability Study in the Process of Manufacturing the Cheese with Romano Hard Paste. Management of Sustainable Development. 6(2), pp. 75-77. Arslankayaa, S. and Atay, H. (2015) Maintenance management and lean manufacturing practices in a firm which produces dairy products. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences .207 (2015), pp. 214 224. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (n.d.) The Australian dairy industry [online] Available from: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Farmer%2520Power_0.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence (2014) Managing the Long Term Impact of Water Recycling on Irrigated Dairy Farms: The Bega Cheese Case Study [online] Available from: https://vuir.vu.edu.au/32266/1/Bega%2BIntegrated%2BReport%2B-%2BFINAL.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Bajrami, E., Wailes, E.J., Dixon, B.L., Musliu, A. and Morat, A.D. (2017) Factors affecting the technical efficiency of dairy farms in Kosovo. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 18(4), pp.823-840. Bega Cheese Limited (2016) Annual Report 2016 [online] Available from: https://www.begacheese.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/00-Bega-Cheese-2016-Annual-Report_interactive.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Bhattacharya, S.(2014) Conventional and Advanced Food Processing Technologies. John Wiley Sons. Business Chief (2018) Bega Cheese Ltd [online] Available from: https://anz.businesschief.com/company/29/Bega-Cheese-Ltd [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Dairy Australia (2018) Production summary [online] Available from: https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/industry/production-and-sales/production-summary [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Elms, D.K. and Low, P. (2013) Global Value Chains in a Changing World. World Trade Organization. Garnier , L. , Valence , F. and Mounier. J. (2017) Review Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: An Update. Microorganisms .5(42), pp. 1-33. Gitau , K.J.(2013) Factors Influencing Milk Production Among Small Scale Dairy Farmers in Mirangine in Nyandarua County and Mauche in Nakuru County, Kenya [online] Available from: https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/60135/Gitau_Factors%20influencing%20milk%20production.pdf?sequence=3 [Accessed 21st March, 2018]. Guth, M. ( 2017) Determinants of milk production in FADN dairy farms in the regions of the European Union with predominance of intensive production in 20111. Management. 20(2),pp. 473-486. Hartman, B.(2015) The Lean Farm: How to Minimize Waste, Increase Efficiency, and Maximize Value and Profits with Less Work. Chelsea Green Publishing. Kurajdova, K. and Petrovicova, J.T. (2015) Literature Review on Factors Influencing Milk Purchase Behaviour. International Review of Management and Marketing. 5( 1), pp.9-25. Madanhire , I. and Mbohwa, C.(2015) Maintenance Technology Tools to Improve Plant Availability for Dairy Industry: Case Study. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2015. [online] Available from: https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2015/WCE2015_pp933-938.pdf [Accessed 21st March, 2018]. Malathi,G. and Prasad, R.S.R.(2017) Total Quality Management in Indian Dairy Industry (A Comparative Study on Select Units in Dairy Industry). IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM).19(6), pp. 13-17. Manzouri, M., Rahman, M.N.A., Zain, C.R.C.M. and Jamsari, E.A. (2014) Increasing Production and Eliminating Waste through Lean Tools and Techniques for Halal Food Companies. Sustainability. 2014(6), pp. 9179-9204. Muehlhoff, E. , Bennett , A. and MacMahon , D.(2013)Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition .Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. PWC (2011) The supply chain and major stakeholders [online] Available from: https://www.pwc.com.au/industry/agribusiness/assets/australian-dairy-industry-nov11.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Sathiyabama, C. N. and Dasan, P. (2013) Optimum Resource Allocation and Eliminating Waste Inside the Food Industry. Central European Business Review. 2(2),pp. 31-44. Schirone, M., Visciano, P. , Tofalo, R. and Suzzi, G. (2017) Biological Hazards in Food. Frontiers Media SA. Tamime, A.Y.(2017) Microbial Toxins in Dairy Products. John Wiley Sons. Vignesh, J. and Kumar, V.B.(2015) Implementing of Lean Manufacturing Tool In Dairy Industry: A Review. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 4(3),pp. 50-54. Yazdaninasab, A. and Sabaghi, M.A.(2016)Factors affecting the dairy industry's products export in Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR).7(4), pp. 26-30.

Yale Art Gallery an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Yale Art Gallery Despite the fact that I have visited Yale several times, this was my first trip to the Yale Art Gallery. I was surprised to find that part of the art of the museum is housed in a beautiful gothic style building while the remainder is very modern. I was equally surprised to learn that the museum is the oldest in the Western hemisphere. Although the museum is quite small, it provides a comfortable environment conducive to education, as there are several study areas and student groups studying the works displayed. Need essay sample on "Yale Art Gallery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed I particularly enjoyed the way the architectural structure of the museum made use of structure and light in order to create a distinct mood. The lobby of the museum features contemporary furniture and ebony wood, which makes visitors feel welcome, as though the lobby is a living room. In contrast, the galleries have high, concrete beam ceilings, which I found myself staring at before I even noticed the paintings. These create a solemn, sacred atmosphere. Mevrouw Bodolphe Frans Hals (1581/851666) The first thing that caught my eye when I saw this painting was the serious, almost dour expression on the subject's face. Though few people have their portraits painted today, modern portraits still exist in the form of photography. In general, most people smile when they have their pictures taken. In contrast, the subject of this particular portrait is almost scowling. She stares out from the wall with pensive eyes and a furrowed brow. When I noticed her right hand tightly gripping a handkerchief I got the impression that she was uneasy, perhaps even uncomfortable having her portrait painted. The sober and gloomy portrayal of the woman is characteristic of the conservative Protestant ideals of the period. The Great Departure of the Buddha Maker Unknown (2nd to 3rd Century CE) I was struck by the ability of the artist to convey the expressions of the group of the people despite the fact that the facial expressions of the people are difficult to see. The Buddha figure in the center of the carving is almost the exact opposite of the stout, cross-legged Buddha image with which I am accustomed. The people around Buddha seem to be kneeling or pressing their palms together as a sign of worship and respect. The use of depth in the relief gives the illusion that Buddha is sitting on his horse in front of everyone else, which gives the appearance that he is rising above from the crowd while the people reach out to grab hold of his hand or reverently bow their heads in prayer. It was also particularly interesting to note that the carving, much like Chinese novels, portrays a scene which is read from right to left. Owl Shaped Wine Vessel Zun (Shang Dynasty) I was intrigued by the detail carved into the wine vessel. From the base of vessel that depicts the tail feathers and talons of the owl there appeared to be intricate geometric patterns. Upon closer inspection I realized the shapes were in fact snakelike figures. These figures cover nearly the entire vessel, including on the owl's wings. There appears to be a serpent head above the handle. I found it particularly interesting to note that the emphasis of the vessel appears to be on the talons of the owl, unlike modern representations of owls that tend to focus on the eyes. The eyes of the owl on the vessel look upward. Saint John the Baptist in the Wilderness Caravaggio (1604) Considering this is a painting of a Saint, I was surprised to note that there is little evidence that shows this is a painting of a religious figure. John the Baptist has no halo, nor is he surrounded by sheep. No doves fly in the sky above his head. Instead, Saint John is portrayed in the midst of the wilderness, with dramatic shadows cast over his body. Were it not for the thin cross that he is holding, and the name of the painting, it would be almost impossible to tell this is a painting of a religious figure. Saint John appears solemn and lost in thought. It is interesting to note the use of contrast in this painting. Saint John appears to be turning away from the darkness toward the light. Seated Guanyin Artist Unknown (11th to 12th Century) In this sculpture, Buddha is seated on a stone throne-like structure. Buddha wears simple but elegant looking garments. The relief emphasizes Buddha's elevation, as the figure appears to be above the rest of the world. Buddha's face is carved at a downward angle, which gives the impression that he is looking down. The portrayal of Buddha in this piece is reminiscent of the female form, and Buddha sits semi-reclined on his right hand. Buddha appears relaxed, yet deep in thought. The bare wall behind Buddha draw the viewer's eyes to Buddha's serene expression. Scenes from the Battle of Yashima Sumiyoshi School (Edo Period 16151868) This work depicts two warring families, with one family proudly raising red banners, and the other white banners. The six panels portray a massive landscape, with one family in close formation standing on solid ground, while the other family appears to be fleeing out to their boats on the sea. The use of landscape contributes to the mood of the piece. The green hills in the distance and the open sea emphasize the large territory over which the battle was fought. The soft, neutral hues of the skyline are more indicative of peace than of war, which gives the viewer the impression that the war is almost over. Reference Yale University (New Haven, Conn.) Art Gallery 'Handbook of the collections - Yale University Art Gallery' New Haven, Conn. Yale Univ. Art Gallery 1992 Yale University. Art Gallery.; Yale University. School of Art and Architecture '20 artists : Yale School of Art' New Haven : Yale University Art Gallery, 1981.

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies Introduction Market efficiency can be defined as the degree to which the prices reflect all the available information in the market. In other words, market efficiency is a condition where the market prices display the prevailing conditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, the market prices may not reflect the prevailing market conditions based on the available information. In this case, the market is said to be inefficient. Market inefficiencies occur in rare cases. When this occurs, the market is interrupted from the normal arrangements and this lead to complications. Explanation for an Efficient Market and How It Operates As already seen, market efficiency can be defined as the situation where the prices charged in the market reflects all the information available to the participants. In order for th e market to function effectively, it is always necessary to have enough participants willing to sell or buy goods (Kirschen and Strbac, 2004). The price determination process is of great significance in the market. However, this is based on the information available in the market. The information available to buyers and sellers should be unbiased in order to come up with reliable and sustainable prices. The market where all these conditions are satisfied is referred to as an efficient market. Therefore, under the efficient market conditions for instance, buying or selling of the stock reflects fair returns after deducting the costs incurred through a transaction. In many cases, when people puts money in the stock market their main goal is generation of returns. In some cases, many investors even aim at getting more than necessary returns by surpassing the market (Heakal, 2011). However, the prices of a particular stock reflect all the information available about the stock. This impl ies that there is no investor who can have an advantage of forecasting on the returns of a stock because all the players have access to all available information. Such kind of a market is efficient. Decisions are made with reference to the information available (Investo 2011). All investors have similar knowledge about a certain stock. In this case, all investors are assumed to be rational.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, they will most likely have similar choices. In other words, investors are assumed to behave in a certain way. Mankiw (2008, Essentials of Economics), observed that the prices only respond to the information available in the market. Therefore, since every person in the market has equal access to the same information, then no one has the ability to make more profit than the other. In a perfect market, it is assumed that there are a lar ge number of buyers and sellers and a homogenous product and full information (Evans 2004). Therefore, a perfect market is efficient since the participants make informed decisions. Example of an efficient market; Market for polythene bags In the illustration above, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. In other words, the equilibrium market price leads to an efficient market. Explanation for Market Inefficiency and Its Causes In an inefficient market, the prices become random rather than predictable. Even with access to all the available information about the market, the participants’ prediction is rarely reflected in the prices (Barnes, 2009). In this case, the prices become random. When there are market inefficiencies, the prices m ay be set in such a way that they don’t reflect the market value. This difference is what is referred to as the market inefficiency. The prices are determined by external forces rather than the market forces. Market inefficiency is regarded as one of the market failure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Externalities are the main causes of the market inefficiencies. Externalities lead to an inefficient allocation of resources (Mankiw, 2008, principles of economics). This is the main reason why externalities cause inefficiency in the market. One of the common causes of these inefficiencies through externalities is the government intervention. For instance, the government may intervene in the market fort the polythene bags due to its contribution in environmental pollution. In the absence of the government interv ention, the equilibrium price will be reflecting what the consumers are willing to pay for the product given the prices in the market (Boyes and Melvin, 2006). This is determined by the information available to both sellers and buyers in the market. Therefore when there is no government intervention, the prices will adjust to balance the supply and demand of the polyphone bags in this case. In this case, both consumers and sellers are able to maximize their surplus. In other words, this allocation leads to maximization of the total value to the consumers who purchase the polythene bags less the costs incurred in its production (Dimson and Mussavian, 2000). In this case, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. The case of government interventi onAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the government intervention in effort to reduce the level of pollution has led to a drop in the quantity provided in the market below the equilibrium level. The government intervention interferes with the equilibrium level of prices. This shifts the equilibrium level from the original position to another. This will lead to shortage in polythene bags which will induce the suppliers to increase their prices. This will lead to a decrease in consumer surplus. The prices charged will also not reflect the equilibrium price. This will lead to inefficiency in the market. In other words, any intervention in the market will lead to the market inefficiency. Similarly, taxation will also act by increasing the prices above the equilibrium level. Consequently, this will result into market inefficiency. This is because the prices will not reflect the equilibrium, market prices. Other government interventions will lead into similar results. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion h as given a clear understanding of an efficient market and inefficient market. The study has clearly shown that in an efficient market, all the participants have equal access to the available information. The market price in a particular time is reflected by the information available in the market (Crosier, 2004). On the other hand, an inefficient market is characterised by random prices. In this case, the prices are not predictable. From the discussion, it can be seen that the markets cannot be absolutely efficient all absolutely inefficient. In most cases, the market reflects all these aspects of the market. Based on this information, it is advisable for all participants to refer to all the information available in the market in order to come up with the most feasible decisions. To those investors seeking to invest on shares, they are advised to find out all information necessary about the company in question. This will enable the company. This will enable the investor to determine whether the prices set for shares are reasonable before making their final decisions to buy. Reference List Barnes, P., 2009. Stock Market Efficiency, Insider Dealing and Market Abuse. England, Gower Publishing, Ltd. Boyes, W. and Melvin, M., 2006. Economics. U.S.A., Cengage Learning. Crosier, L., 2004. Selling Your Business: The Transition from Entrepreneur to Investor. New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons. Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M., 2000. â€Å"Market Efficiency.† Spellbound Publications, 2000. Vol.3, Pp. 959-970. Evans, A. 2004. Economics, Real Estate and the Supply of Land. Wiley-Blackwell. Heakal, R., 2011. What Is Market Efficiency? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-market-efficiency/ . Investo, 2011. What Is an Efficient Market and How Does It Affect Individual Investors? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/marketefficiency.asp . Kirschen, D. and Strbac, G., 2004. West Sussex: Fundamentals of power system economics. New York, John Wiley and Sons. Mankiw, N., 2008. Essentials of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. Mankiw, N., 2008. Principles of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning.

Au Cas Où - French Expression Explained

Au Cas Oà ¹ - French Expression Explained The French expression Au cas oà ¹ (pronounced [o ka oo], note that there is no liaison between cas and oà ¹) literally translates  to in the case where Explanation and Examples The French expression au cas oà ¹ is exactly equivalent to (just) in case in English. You can use it in front of a subject plus verb in the conditional, in which case its register is normal to formal. The more interesting - and informal - usage is when its tacked on to the end of a sentence. If you dont already use au cas oà ¹ regularly, you soon will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Au cas oà ¹ il rentrerait avant nous, je vais lui laisser un mot.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Just) in case he gets home before us, Im going to leave him a note.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un parapluie, au cas oà ¹ il pleuvrait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring an umbrella, (just) in case it rains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un blouson, au cas oà ¹.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring a jacket, just in case. Synonymous Expressions For au cas oà ¹ conditional: dans le cas oà ¹des fois quepour le cas oà ¹ For the informal au cas oà ¹ at the end of a sentence: tout hasardpour le cas oà ¹

Production Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Production Management - Essay Example ated tasks are being attended to with necessary know how and skills.The deepening of this trend is evidenced by the fact that several of these sub contracting firms(SMEs particularly) have acquired specialist status and their deployment is much sought after.In fact doing business in such a fashion equates working in highly organized networks of organizations that are lined up for specific responsibilities for delivering the final products or services.In the construction business there has been a concerted move towards systematic hiring of contractors and as a catching trend of last 20 years such hiring has become highly specialized with a large and growing network of specialist trade sub contractors. The growth of the specialist sub-contract sector in the construction industry has ensured the importance of specialist trade sub contractors to the overall project development process. ... aptations required by the construction industry to accommodate the design, contractual, administrative, control and co-ordination aspects of various levels of involvement on construction projects. A bird's eye view of a typically networked and partnered construction effort-Comparison between UK and US In order to serve as an illustration a large sized state construction effort in US can be cited as below: "In most cases, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building serves as the construction program manager for state construction projects in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building represents the interests of the entity and exercises independent oversight of the professional contractor and constructor team (i.e., general contractor and sub-contractors). The Bureau of Building, professional team, constructor team, and a building commissioning agent, when applicable, enter a contractual relationship for a project. The Bureau of Building exercises direct oversight of architects, engineers, building commissioning agents and other contract professionals, while it performs indirect supervision of the construction contractors through the primary professional contractor and the building commissioning agent. Because the bureau does not have the in-house capability to perform some of the design and construction tasks that some private construction program managers can provide, it may employ engineers, contract analysts, architects, or construction project administrators to manage and monitor projects. The bureau has authority to compel adherence to contract specifications and schedules, applying sanctions to firms or individuals within the constructor team that do not fulfill their responsibilities"(Joint,2005). The above is a typical

American Literature Exam question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Literature Exam question - Coursework Example Linda is denied the right to raise her own children, as are many other black women. Slaves are not allowed to marry whom they choose, and a black husband and wife sometimes are not allowed to live together. White men father children with black women, but lack absolutely any kind of parental obligation towards the children, and in some cases, like with Mr. Sands, may be tempted to sell them to get out of financial trouble. We see that the hatred slavery enforces distorts the most basic of all emotions: that of a parent towards his child. The lack of freedom and basic human rights does not affect only individuals, but all social structures. Normal human relationships inside and outside of a family cannot survive the devastating influence of the slavery system which deliberately dehumanizes black people, shamelessly stripping them off their dignity and rights as human beings.

Australian Income Tax Guidance Notes Essay Example for Free

Australian Income Tax Guidance Notes Essay However, there is a catch; you can only treat it as your main residence for 6 years. Hence nearing the end of the 6 year period you would need to move back into the house and re-establish it as your main residence. Put simply, you can only have one tax free house at any one time that has to be established as your main residence and if you move out you only have 6 years for it to continue to be your main residence. Topic 5 Annuities and Foreign Pensions Topic 6 Termination payments Topic 7 Small Business Entities Valuation of trading stock (S9-180) The three bases to value the trading stock are as following: * Cost (S9-190) * Market selling value (S9-220) * Replacement value (S9-225) 08. 1. 1 Methods used to work out the cost of trading stock (S9-200) The commissioner accepts the following valuation methods: * FIFO: The first items purchased are assumed to be disposed of first and the cost of trading stock on hand at the end of the year is the cost of the items most recently acquired. Where shares cannot be specifically identified, taxpayers must normally use the FIFO method to value trading stock. * Average cost: the cost of each item of a particular type on hand at the end of the year is the weighted average of the cost of all such items that were on hand at the beginning of the year and all those acquired during the year. * Standard cost: a predetermined standard cost per unit is used. The following valuation methods are not acceptable: * LIFO: Late in first out * Base stock: 08. 1. 1. 1 Trading stock on hand taken into account Where a taxpayer carries on business, all trading stock on hand at the start of the income year and all trading stock on hand at the end of the year are taken into account in working out the taxpayer’s taxable income. Where trading stock is acquired ‘not at arm’s length’, the market value is used. The taxpayer is required to include the market value as assessable income. 08. 1. 1. 2 Disposal not in the ordinary course of business (S9-290) * When trading stock is sold in the ordinary course of trading, gross sales less the cost of production are brought to account by the ordinary trading stock accounting method. Where an item of trading stock (with or without other business assets) is disposed of outside the ordinary course of a taxpayer’s business, the taxpayer is required to bring to account as assessable income the market value of the stock on the date of disposal. * The taxpayer takes out stock from his/her business and used it privately is required to bring to account as assessable income the market value of the stock on the date of drawing. Topic 9 General Deductions 09. 1 Deductions for business-related expenditure

Asian American Essay -- essays research papers

The American Community in the 1900’s to the 1920’s was in fact a totally different generation than its successor not only because of cultural and economic reasons but also because of world events and the rise of technology. Americans in the early 1900’s were a closely knit generation with a sense of community, morals, and obligations. They had an "instilled" set of ideals and values and their lives were very much affected by the rise of technology. Living in America in the early part of the 1900’s was a hard and trying era through such turbulent times as the Great Depression, World War I, and the Industrial Revolution. Such profound and important events happened in a relatively short amount of time. Americans were searching for an identity for their country which was still only less than 200 years old. Big Industry was on the rise slowly and Americans were starting to contend in the growing world market. Throughout American history, people have fought for equality in any shape or form and the mid 1900’s was no exception. Having gone through leaps and bounds in terms of civil rights. The 1920’s to the 1940’s was a transitional period for all Americans and minority groups. During this period of American history, America was one of the most modern countries in the world but still...

Why Should We Respect Difference in Others

Guillermo NigaglioniSeptember 25, 2010 Ad English-02Mrs. Wanda Miranda Why Should We Respect Difference in Others Everyone has a quality that makes them different from other people. If you don’t like or respect other’s qualities, they will do the same to you and you won’t like that. Also, if you don’t like that quality, don’t tell them. Just keep it to yourself and no one gets their feelings hurt. Others can also hate you for your own qualities because no one is perfect especially people that say that they are perfect. ome qualities can be the same, but at least one thing has to be different from other people. There are many ways to try to treat one’s differences with respect. One of those ways is trying not to insult them or make fun of them. For example, they might have a new type of hair and it may look funny, but don’t say it out loud. Another way is to listen to them when they speak. Don’t ignore them when they speak becaus e they could do the same to you. Finally, you could respect them by being sensitive with their feelings.If you see someone crying, help them and discover why they are crying. Some of the people you really need to respect are your friends and family. Your friends are people that respect you if you treat them well. They can be sensitive to your needs as well as you beings sensitive to their needs. They can stop being your friends if you don’t respect their differences. Your family is the group of people that respect you the most. If you have a different quality than any other of your family members, they can respect you for it and you can respect them for their qualities.Respecting other’s beliefs is important when we talk about taste. For example: I like apple and you like peach; I like blue cars and you like red cars. We all have different types of likes and dislikes, so we have to respect that because not everyone is the same. Also, we can criticize our own opinions a nd other’s opinions to identify the â€Å"correct† one because not everyone is correct with their own opinions. We all believe in different things which is why we need to respect each other for it and we can discuss it in a calm and respectful way.To end my opinion essay, I think we should respect difference in others because no one is ever the same, even when you’re twins. The qualities that make us different can be the same to other people, but we still have at least one thing that make us different. You can believe whatever you want, but we all believe different things and we can respect that. Respecting is an important quality if you like to have many friends. You can respect the different qualities they have and you can respect that so that you make a difference in the world.

Frostbite Chapter 10

Ten THE SKI TRIP COULDN'T HAVE come a moment too soon. It was impossible to get the Dimitri and Tasha thing out of my head, but at least packing and getting ready made sure I didn't devote 100 percent of my brain power to him. More like 95 percent. I had other things to distract me, too. The Academy might- rightfully- be overprotective when it came to us, but sometimes that translated into pretty cool stuff. Example: The Academy had access to a couple of private jets. This meant no Strigoi could attack us at an airport, and it also meant we got to travel in style. Each jet was smaller than a commercial plane, but the seats were cushy and had lots of leg room. They extended far enough back that you could practically lie down to sleep. On long flights, we had little consoles in the seats that gave us TV movie options. Sometimes they'd even break out fancy meals. I was betting this flight, however, would be too short for any movies or substantial food. We left late on the twenty-sixth. When I boarded the jet, I looked around for Lissa, wanting to talk to her. We hadn't really spoken after the Christmas brunch. I wasn't surprised to see her sitting with Christian, and they didn't look like they wanted to be interrupted. I couldn't hear their conversation, but he'd put his arm around her and had that relaxed, flirty expression that only she could bring out. I remained fully convinced that he could never do as good a job as me of taking care of her, but he clearly made her happy. I put on a smile and nodded at them as I passed down the aisle toward where Mason was waving at me. As I did, I also walked by Dimitri and Tasha sitting together. I pointedly ignored them. â€Å"Hey,† I said sliding into the seat beside Mason. He smiled at me. â€Å"Hey. You ready for the ski challenge?† â€Å"As ready as I'll ever be.† â€Å"Don't worry,† he said. â€Å"I'll go easy on you.† I scoffed and leaned my head back against the seat. â€Å"You're so delusional.† â€Å"Sane guys are boring.† To my surprise, he slid his hand over mine. His skin was warm, and I felt my own skin tingle where he touched me. It startled me. I'd convinced myself Dimitri was the only one I'd ever respond to again. It's time to move on, I thought. Dimitri obviously has. You should have done it a long time ago. I laced my fingers with Mason's, catching him off guard. â€Å"I do. This is going to be fun.† And it was. I tried to keep reminding myself that we were here because of a tragedy, that there were Strigoi and humans out there who might strike again. No one else seemed to remember that, though, and I admit, I was having a difficult time myself. The resort was gorgeous. It was built to sort of look like a log cabin, but no pioneer cabin could have held hundreds of people or had such luxury accommodations. Three stories of gleaming, golden-colored wood sat among lofty pine trees. The windows were tall and gracefully arched, tinted for Moroi convenience. Crystal lanterns- electric, but shaped to look like torches- hung around all the entrances, giving the entire building a glittering, almost bejeweled look. Mountains- which my enhanced eyes could just barely make out in the night- surrounded us, and I bet the view would have been breathtaking when it was light out. One side of the grounds led off to the skiing area, complete with steep hills and moguls, as well as lifts and tow ropes. Another side of the lodge had an ice rink, which delighted me since I'd missed out that one day by the cabin. Near that, smooth hills were reserved for sledding. And that was just the outside. Inside, all sorts of arrangements had been made to cater to Moroi needs. Feeders stayed on hand, ready to serve twenty-four hours a day. The slopes ran on a nocturnal schedule. Wards and guardians circled the entire place. Everything a living vampire could want. The main lobby had a cathedral ceiling and an enormous chandelier hanging over it. Its floor was intricately tiled marble, and the front desk stayed open around the clock, ready to indulge our every need. The rest of the lodge, hallways and lounges, had a red, black, and gold color scheme. The deep shade of red dominated over the other hues, and I wondered if its resemblance to blood was a coincidence. Mirrors and art adorned the walls, and little ornamental tables had been placed here and there. They held vases of pale green, purple-spotted orchids that filled the air with a spicy scent. The room I shared with Lissa was bigger than our dorm rooms put together and had the same rich colors as the rest of the lodge. The carpet was so plush and deep that I immediately shed my shoes at the door and walked in barefoot, luxuriating in the way my feet sank into that softness. We had king-size beds, covered in feather duvets and set with so many pillows that I swore a person could get lost in them all and never be seen again. French doors opened on to a spacious balcony, which, considering we were on the top floor, would have been cool if not for the fact it was freezing outside. I suspected the two-person hot tub on the far end would go a long way to make up for the cold. Drowning in so much luxury, I reached an overload point where the rest of the accommodations started swimming together. The jetted marble bathtub. The plasma-screen TV. The basket of chocolate and other snacks. When we finally decided to go skiing, I had to practically drag myself from the room. I could probably have spent the rest of my vacation lounging in there and been perfectly content. But we finally ventured outside, and once I managed to push Dimitri and my mother out of my head, I started to enjoy myself. It helped that the lodge was so enormous; there was little chance of running into them. For the first time in weeks, I was able to finally focus on Mason and realize just how much fun he was. I also got to hang out with Lissa more than I had in a while, which put me in an even better mood. With Lissa, Christian, Mason, and me, we were able to get kind of a double-date thing going. The four of us spent almost all of the first day skiing, though the two Moroi had a bit of trouble keeping up. Considering what Mason and I went through in our classes, he and I weren't afraid to try daring stunts. Our competitive natures made us eager to go out of our way to outdo each other. â€Å"You guys are suicidal,† remarked Christian at one point. It was dark outside, and tall light posts illuminated his bemused face. He and Lissa had been waiting at the bottom of the mogul hill, watching Mason and me come down. We'd been moving at insane speeds. The part of me that had been trying to learn control and wisdom from Dimitri knew it was dangerous, but the rest of me liked embracing that recklessness. That dark streak of rebelliousness still hadn't let me go. Mason grinned as we skidded to a halt, sending up a spray of snow. â€Å"Nah, this is just a warm-up. I mean, Rose has been able to keep up with me the whole time. Kid stuff.† Lissa shook her head. â€Å"Aren't you guys taking this too far?† Mason and I looked at each other. â€Å"No.† She shook her head. â€Å"Well, we're going inside. Try not to kill yourselves.† She and Christian left, arm and arm. I watched them go, then turned back to Mason. â€Å"I'm good for a while longer. You?† â€Å"Absolutely.† We took a lift back up to the top of the hill. When we were just about to head down, Mason pointed. â€Å"Okay, how about this? Hit those moguls there, then jump over that ridge, swing back with a hairpin turn, dodge those trees, and land there.† I followed his finger as he pointed out a jagged path down one of the biggest slopes. I frowned. â€Å"That one really is insane, Mase.† â€Å"Ah,† he said triumphantly. â€Å"She finally cracks.† I glowered. â€Å"She does not.† After another survey of his crazy route, I conceded. â€Å"Okay. Let's do it.† He gestured. â€Å"You first.† I took a deep breath and leapt off. My skis slid smoothly over the snow, and piercing wind blasted into my face. I made the first jump neatly and precisely, but as the next part of the course sped forward, I realized just how dangerous it really was. In that split second, I had a decision to make. If I didn't do it, I'd never hear the end of it from Mason- and I really wanted to show him up. If I did manage it, I could feel pretty secure about my awesomeness. But if I tried and messed up †¦ I could break my neck. Somewhere in my head, a voice that sounded suspiciously like Dimitri's started talking about wise choices and learning when to show restraint. I decided to ignore that voice and went for it. This course was as hard as I'd feared, but I pulled it off flawlessly, one insane move after another. Snow flew up around me as I made each sharp, dangerous turn. When I safely reached bottom, I looked up and saw Mason gesturing wildly. I couldn't make out his expression or words, but I could imagine his cheers. I waved back and waited for him to follow suit. But he didn't. Because when Mason got halfway down, he wasn't able to pull off one of the jumps. His skis caught, and his legs twisted. Down he went. I reached him at about the same time some of the resort staff did. To everyone's relief, Mason hadn't broken his neck or anything else. His ankle did appear to have a nasty sprain, however, which was probably going to limit his skiing for the rest of the trip. One of the instructors monitoring the slopes ran forward, fury all over her face. â€Å"What were you kids thinking?† she exclaimed. She turned on me. â€Å"I couldn't believe it when you did those stupid stunts!† Her glare fixed on Mason next. â€Å"And then you had to go ahead and copy her!† I wanted to argue that it had all been his idea, but blame didn't matter at this point. I was just glad he was all right. But as we all went inside, guilt began to gnaw at me. I had acted irresponsibly. What if he'd been seriously injured? Horrible visions danced through my mind. Mason with a broken leg †¦ a broken neck†¦ What had I been thinking? No one had made me do that course. Mason had suggested it†¦ but I hadn't fought back. Goodness knew I probably could have. I might have had to endure some mockery, but Mason was crazy enough about me that feminine wiles probably would have stopped this madness. I'd gotten caught up in the excitement and the risk- much as I had in kissing Dimitri- not giving enough thought to the consequences because secretly, inside of me, that impulsive desire to be wild still lurked. Mason had it too, and his called to me. That mental Dimitri voice chastised me once more. After Mason was safely returned to the lodge and had ice on his ankle, I carried our equipment back outside toward the storage buildings. When I went back inside, I went through a different doorway than I normally used. This entrance was set behind a huge, open porch with an ornate wooden railing. The porch was built into the side of the mountain and had a breathtaking view of the other peaks and valleys around us- if you felt like standing around long enough in freezing temperatures to admire it. Which most people didn't. I walked up the steps to the porch, stomping snow off my boots as I did. A thick scent, both spicy and sweet, hung in the air. Something about it felt familiar, but before I could identify it, a voice suddenly spoke to me out of the shadows. â€Å"Hey, little dhampir.† Startled, I realized someone was indeed standing on the porch. A guy- a Moroi- leaned against the wall not far from the door. He brought a cigarette up to his mouth, took a long drag, and then dropped it to the floor. He stamped the butt out and crooked me a smile. That was the scent, I realized. Clove cigarettes. Warily, I stopped and crossed my arms as I took him in. He was a little shorter than Dimitri but wasn't as lanky as some Moroi guys ended up looking. A long, charcoal coat- probably made out of some insanely expensive cashmere-wool blend- fit his body exceptionally well, and the leather dress shoes he wore indicated more money still. He had brown hair that looked like it had been purposely styled to appear a little unkempt, and his eyes were either blue or green- I didn't have quite enough light to know for sure. His face was cute, I supposed, and I pegged him to be a couple years older than me. He looked like he'd just come from a dinner party. â€Å"Yeah?† I asked. His eyes swept over my body. I was used to attention from Moroi guys. It just usually wasn't so obvious. And I usually wasn't bundled up in winter clothing and sporting a black eye. He shrugged. â€Å"Just saying hi, that's all.† I waited for more, but all he did was stuff his hands into the coat's pockets. With a shrug of my own, I took a couple steps forward. â€Å"You smell good, you know,† he suddenly said. I stopped walking again and gave him a puzzled look, which only made his sly smile grow a little bigger. â€Å"I†¦ um, what?† â€Å"You smell good,† he repeated. â€Å"Are you joking? I've been sweating all day. I'm disgusting.† I wanted to walk away, but there was something eerily compelling about this guy. Like a train wreck. I didn't find him attractive per se; I was just suddenly interested in talking to him. â€Å"Sweat isn't a bad thing,† he said, leaning his head against the wall and looking upward thoughtfully. â€Å"Some of the best things in life happen while sweating. Yeah, if you get too much of it and it gets old and stale, it turns pretty gross. But on a beautiful woman? Intoxicating. If you could smell things like a vampire does, you'd know what I'm talking about. Most people mess it all up and drown themselves in perfume. Perfume can be good†¦especially if you get one that goes with your chemistry. But you only need a hint. Mix about 20 percent of that with 80 percent of your own perspiration†¦mmm.† He tilted his head to the side and looked at me. â€Å"Dead sexy.† I suddenly remembered Dimitri and his aftershave. Yeah. That had been dead sexy, but I certainly wasn't going to tell this guy about it. â€Å"Well, thanks for the hygiene lesson,† I said. â€Å"But I don't own any perfume, and I'm going to go shower all this hot sweaty action off me. Sorry.† He pulled out a pack of cigarettes and offered it to me. He moved only a step closer, but it was enough for me to smell something else on him. Alcohol. I shook my head at the cigarettes, and he tapped one out for himself. â€Å"Bad habit,† I said, watching him light it. â€Å"One of many,† he replied. He inhaled deeply. â€Å"You here with St. Vlad's?† â€Å"Yup.† â€Å"So you're going to be a guardian when you grow up.† â€Å"Obviously.† He exhaled smoke, and I watched it drift away into the night. Heightened vampire senses or no, it was a wonder he could smell anything around those cloves. â€Å"How long until you grow up?† he asked. â€Å"I might need a guardian.† â€Å"I graduate in the spring. But I'm already spoken for. Sorry.† Surprise flickered in his eyes. â€Å"Yeah? Who is he?† â€Å"She's Vasilisa Dragomir.† â€Å"Ah.† His face split into a huge grin. â€Å"I knew you were trouble as soon as I saw you. You're Janine Hathaway's daughter.† â€Å"I'm Rose Hathaway,† I corrected, not wanting to be defined by my mother. â€Å"Nice to meet you, Rose Hathaway.† He extended a gloved hand to me that I hesitantly took. â€Å"Adrian Ivashkov.† â€Å"And you think I'm trouble,† I muttered. The Ivashkovs were a royal family, one of the wealthiest and most powerful. They were the kind of people who thought they could get anything they wanted and walked over those in their way. No wonder he was so arrogant. He laughed. He had a nice laugh, rich and almost melodious. It made me think of warm caramel, dripping from a spoon. â€Å"Handy, huh? Each of our reputations precedes us.† I shook my head. â€Å"You don't know anything about me. And I only know of your family. I don't know anything about you.† â€Å"Want to?† he asked tauntingly. â€Å"Sorry. I'm not into older guys.† â€Å"I'm twenty-one. Not that much older.† â€Å"I have a boyfriend.† It was a small lie. Mason certainly wasn't my boyfriend yet, but I hoped Adrian would leave me alone if he thought I was taken. â€Å"Funny you didn't mention that right away,† Adrian mused. â€Å"He didn't give you that black eye, did he?† I felt myself blushing, even in the cold. I'd been hoping he wouldn't notice the eye, which was stupid. With his vampire eyes, he'd probably noticed as soon as I stepped onto the porch. â€Å"He wouldn't be alive if he did. I got it during †¦ practice. I mean, I'm training to be a guardian. Our classes are always rough.† â€Å"That's pretty hot,† he said. He dropped this second cigarette to the ground and put it out with his foot. â€Å"Punching me in the eye?† â€Å"Well, no. Of course not. I meant that the idea of getting rough with you is hot. I'm a big fan of full-contact sports.† â€Å"I'm sure you are,† I said dryly. He was arrogant and presumptuous, yet I still couldn't quite force myself to leave. The sound of footsteps behind me made me turn. Mia came around the path and walked up the steps. When she saw us, she stopped suddenly. â€Å"Hey, Mia.† She glanced between the two of us. â€Å"Another guy?† she asked. From her tone, you would have thought I had my own harem of men. Adrian gave me a questioning, amused look. I gritted my teeth and decided not to dignify that with a response. I opted for uncharacteristic politeness. â€Å"Mia, this is Adrian Ivashkov.† Adrian turned on the same charm he'd used on me. He shook her hand. â€Å"Always a pleasure to meet a friend of Rose's, especially a pretty one.† He spoke like he and I had known each other since childhood. â€Å"We aren't friends,† I said. So much for politeness. â€Å"Rose only hangs out with guys and psychopaths,† said Mia. Her voice carried the usual scorn she harbored for me, but there was a look on her face that showed Adrian had clearly caught her interest. â€Å"Well,† he said cheerfully, â€Å"since I'm both a psychopath and a guy, that would explain why we're such good friends.† â€Å"You and I aren't friends either,† I told him. He laughed. â€Å"Always playing hard to get, huh?† â€Å"She's not that hard to get,† said Mia, clearly upset that Adrian was paying more attention to me. â€Å"Just ask half the guys at our school.† â€Å"Yeah,† I retorted, â€Å"and you can ask the other half about Mia. If you can do a favor for her, she'll do lots of favors for you.† When she'd declared war on Lissa and me, Mia had managed to get a couple of guys to tell everyone at school that I'd done some pretty awful things with them. The ironic thing was that she'd gotten them to lie for her by sleeping with them herself. A flicker of embarrassment passed over her face, but she held her ground. â€Å"Well,† she said, â€Å"at least I don't do them for free.† Adrian made some cat noises. â€Å"Are you done?† I asked. â€Å"It's past your bedtime, and the grown-ups would like to talk now.† Mia's youthful looks were a sore point with her, one I frequently enjoyed exploiting. â€Å"Sure,† she said crisply. Her cheeks turned pink, intensifying her porcelain-doll appearance. â€Å"I have better things to do anyway.† She turned toward the door, then paused with her hand resting on it. She glanced toward Adrian. â€Å"Her mom gave her that black eye, you know.† She went inside. The fancy glass doors swung shut behind her. Adrian and I stood there in silence. Finally, he took out the cigarettes again and lit another. â€Å"Your mom?† â€Å"Shut up.† â€Å"You're one of those people who either has soul mates or mortal enemies, aren't you? No in-between. You and Vasilisa are probably like sisters, huh?† â€Å"I guess.† â€Å"How is she?† â€Å"Huh? What do you mean?† He shrugged, and if I didn't know better, I'd have said he was overdoing casualness. â€Å"I don't know. I mean, I know you guys ran away†¦and there was that stuff with her family and Victor Dashkov†¦.† I stiffened at the reference to Victor. â€Å"So?† â€Å"Dunno. Just figured it might be a lot for her to, you know, handle.† I studied him carefully, wondering what he was getting at. There had been a brief leak about Lissa's fragile mental health, but it had been well-contained. Most people had forgotten about it or assumed it was a lie. â€Å"I've got to go.† I decided avoidance was the best tactic just now. â€Å"Are you sure?† He sounded only mildly disappointed. Mostly he seemed as cocky and amused as before. Something about him still intrigued me, but whatever it was, it wasn't enough to combat everything else I was feeling, or to risk discussing Lissa. â€Å"I thought it was time for the grown-ups to talk. Lots of grown-up things I'd like to talk about.† â€Å"It's late, I'm tired, and your cigarettes are giving me a headache,† I growled. â€Å"I suppose that's fair.† He drew in on the cigarette and let out the smoke. â€Å"Some women think they make me look sexy.† â€Å"I think you smoke them so you have something to do while thinking up your next witty line.† He choked on the smoke, caught between inhaling and laughing. â€Å"Rose Hathaway, I can't wait to see you again. If you're this charming while tired and annoyed and this gorgeous while bruised and in ski clothes, you must be devastating at your peak.† â€Å"If by ‘devastating' you mean that you should fear for your life, then yeah. You're right.† I jerked open the door. â€Å"Good night, Adrian.† â€Å"I'll see you soon.† â€Å"Not likely. I told you, I'm not into older guys.† I walked into the lodge. As the door closed, I just barely heard him call behind me, â€Å"Sure, you aren't.†

NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users The WritePass Journal

NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users Introduction NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction This essay is based around a children and families case study and will first set out the significant issues for the individuals involved before outlining the policy and legislative mandates and frameworks that would provide the basis for informed assessment and intervention. It will then highlight the most effective interventions, designed to improve the situation, using practice theories and approaches. Finally it will detail the interdisciplinary and multi-agency context and provide the framework and guidance to ensure it was completed in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive way. A significant issue, common to many families dealing with social services departments, is that they often feel a lack of control and autonomy (Harwath, 2002). As social work professionals it is essential that we engage with Josie and her family, establishing their views and opinions, (Thompson, 2002). An initial assessment of Josie’s situation has taken place and this has progressed through enquires under Section 47 of the 1989 Children Act, to the decision to hold a child protection conference. At this conference a recommendation was made to speak to legal services about initiating Care Proceedings in relation to both Michael and baby Perdita. One must consider that the family and professionals may have different perceptions of the current situation and this becomes problematic when assessments focus on family weaknesses and disadvantages (Milner O’Byrne, 1998). There are contradictory reports about Josie’s parenting skills, which could have a significant impact on any decisions taken. Mary, her foster mother, reports that Josie is trying hard with Perdita, demonstrating good levels of affection, whilst staff at the family centre state they have, â€Å"grave doubts† about her ability to parent. Josie is considered to have learning disabilities, however a key issue is the fact that no adequate   assessment has taken place to assess the level, if any, of her learning difficulties. Adult services state that they consider Josie to have ‘only has mild to moderate, not severe learning difficulties,’ and if this is the case, then there could very limited impact on her potential parental capaci ty, however, it must be noted that single parents that have learning difficulties often face prejudice, (Thomas Woods, 2003). Josie’s first child, Michael, has lived with his grandparents since he was just a few months old, but returned to live with her, as a result of his grandmother’s recent death.   It must be confusing and disorientating for him to be temporarily placed back with his mother, and then almost immediately removed again into foster care. Equally it must have placed an additional strain and burden on Josie when Michael was first returned, but then removed, affecting her ability to cope during Perdita’s birth and immediate aftercare. At birth, Perdita’s father was registered on the birth certificate, and through this action he has   parental responsibility. However, when he last visited the police had to be called, after he struck Josie, and therefore extreme sensitivity and care will need to be taken in decisions and agreements made over his future involvement with the family due to the potential problem of domestic violence. The legal position over Emma, Josie’s middle child, who was adopted at age two, needs to be fully established. It is possible that it was agreed as a condition for Josie to have some form of limited contact visits and agreed letterbox contact, and if so then the possibility of restoring this contact should be investigated. The familys economic status is not clear. The nature of Josie’s potential work and the effect of any employment on the family as a whole is currently unknown but could be viewed as a risk factor by some. The core key issues become whether Josie is currently able to provide best care for Perdita and Michael, whether this can be achieved with further support or whether Perdita and Michael need to be removed from Josie’s care and placed elsewhere. There are a wide number of policy and legislative mandates that would provide guidance and inform the assessment process and potential interventions in this case study, however, due to the limits of the word count they will be listed and their relevance outlined in brief. The four principal pieces of legislation relevant to this case study are the Children Act 1989, the Protection of Children Act 1999, the Adoption and Children Act 2002 and the Children Act 2004.   The Children Act 1989 sought to carry into legislation the belief that where possible: children are generally best looked after within the family, with both parents playing a full part and without resort to legal proceedings. The welfare of the children is the paramount consideration, (Children Act, 1989). Thus the Children Act sought, where possible, to protect children within a family environment. Sections 27 and 47 of the Act significantly titled Co-operation Between Authorities and Local Authoritys Duty to Investigate sets out the Governments demands for closer agency communication. The main themes of the Children Act 2004 were an emphasis upon integrated planning, delivery of services, multi-disciplinary working, increased accountability and, especially, more provision for those children with special needs. The core legislation relating to children and their families in England and Wales is the Children Act 1989, (Warman,2003). Section 17 states that it is a duty of every local authority to â€Å"safeguard and promote the welfare of children within their area who are in need†. Whilst Section 47 lays a specific duty to â€Å"make enquires or cause enquiries to be made and to take action in response to reported concerns of significant harm†. Being placed with a foster mother indicates that the family is currently subject to an interim care and supervision order under Section 38, which provides the court with the power to make interim care and supervision orders, which place the children in the care of the local authority on an interim basis, whilst the family is assessed, and until the court can make a final decision. The interim care order has the same effect as a final care order in giving the local authority parental responsibility (Children Act 1989). In fulfilling these duties agencies are assisted by guidance published by the Department of Health . Working Together to Safeguard Families (DoH,1999), directs inter-professional practice where children may be experiencing risk of significant harm, whilst Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (DoH, 2000), provides broad guidance on the conduct of various types of assessment, including the level and nature of the need, the type of appropriate services to meet the assessed need, and how, when, and by whom, such services will be delivered,(Harwarth,2002). To date such interim assessments have seen Josie and Perdita placed with a specialist Mother and baby foster carer, however, it is questionable as to whether the local authority have fully complied with the Children and Young Person Act 2008, as it is possible to argue that suitable accommodation for Michael to reside with his mother and sister, should have been sought and provided. In addition, in circumstances where the authority intends to accommodate a child with a parent or someone with parental responsibility, the authority must first review the proposed arrangements according to regulations made under Section 26 of the Children Act 1989, that is a review by an Independent Reviewing Officer. A sensitive balance needs to be struck by reviewing the placement whilst also promoting a sense of permanence and stability for the child and carers, (Warman, 2003). Looked after childrens reviews are meetings were identified needs are tailored in light of the care plan and status of the placement. Integral to the review is the Every Child Matters ethos, whereby the government seeks to guarantee equal opportunities for all children. Adding further weight, Article 8 of The Humans Rights Act 1998 outlines a persons right to respect for their private life and family, whilst the Mental Capacity Act 2005, provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves (HMG, 2005). In Josie’s case this would include people recognised as having some learning difficulties which may affect their capacity to make some decisions. The act makes it clear who can make the decisions, and in which situations, and how they should go abou t this. The Adoption and Children Act 2002, introduced a completely new court order, Special Guardianship, which provides another option for legal permanence for children who cannot grow up with their birth families. Under the Act Special Guardianship is an order made by the court that places a child or a young person to live with someone permanently, and gives legal status for non parents who wish to care for that child or young person in a long term secure placement. A residence order is an order from the court to say who the child should live with. Adoption places a child or young person in a permanent home but upon adoption the birth parents lose parental responsibility, and links with the birth parents are lost in most cases, (Lowe Murch, 2002). Long term fostering offers a similar approach, but it does not always allow the child or young person to feel a sense of security and belonging (Rushton,2003). Also, the long term foster parent would not obtain parental responsibility and there fore not have a legal right to have a say in the decisions involving the child/young person. The role of a family court in child protection cases is to make rulings about the rights to custody of the children involved, (Shepard, 2004). A family court can be convened where the state, on the advice of care agencies, seek custody of a child or children. The family court hears evidence and recommendations from social service workers, doctors, mental health workers and other professionals. This evidence is intended to highlight the potential risk that the children are exposed to, (Bentovim Miller, 2001). If the family court finds that the potential risk to children is too high then it may rule that custody should be removed from the parents and given, either temporarily or permanently, to the State (Schepard, 2004). Such children are referred to as looked after children. The case of Michael and Perdita has reached the point where it has been recommended that Care proceedings in a family court take place and a decision over placement be made. The physical smacking and shouting re ported by staff at the family centre   may become evidential of the view of care services that it is necessary to recommend that custody of Perdita be removed from Josie. With effect from 6th April 2011 The Family Procedure Rule 2010 came into force for all family proceedings, including adoption proceedings. Regarded as the most significant development in the procedure of the family courts for 20 years, (HMCS, 2010), Family Procedure Rules 201, replaces all existing procedural rules for family proceedings, creating a comprehensive and accessible source for all who come into contact with the family justice system. Covering all family proceedings in the High Court, the County Court and the Family Proceedings Court, the Rules were developed by Her Majestys Courts Service (HMCS) and the Family Procedure Rules Committee as a result of requirements set out in the Courts Act 2003. The Rules specify the need to secure that â€Å"the family justice system is accessible, fair and efficient and the rules are simple and simply expressed.†(HMCS, 2010) In seeking solutions about how to intervene most effectively, using practice theories and approaches, there is a need for a holistic approach seeking to utilise any strengths in Josie’s case, before identifying where assistance may be required, (Gibbs, 2003). As a profession we are committed to the pursuit of social justice for the poor, disadvantaged, disenfranchised and oppressed people, (Finn Jocobson 2003), however, prior awareness of the possibility of conflicting opinions, as to how to achieve this commitment, will enable the social worker to react thoughtfully and mediate effectively, (Dalrymple Burke, 1995). My recommendation would be for the Child Protection Conference to take place as required under the legislation. A main purpose of the conference is then to convene, in one place and at one time, all the relevant people interested in the care of Michael and Perdita, to include care professionals, medical practitioners, and if possible, subject to all necessary agreements and consents, Michael’s grandfather and Perdita’s father. Care professionals would then have the opportunity to decide whether legal proceedings ought to be brought on behalf of the children. This conference is a legal requirement and events have transpired to the point that this now cannot be avoided or delayed, however I would advocate that the outcome should, for now, include Perdita staying under the supervision of Josie, with the continued support of the foster mother Mary, whilst a more robust plan of support was investigated and recommendations made for additional support and education to aid impr ovements in her parenting capacity. I would further advocate for Michael to be placed with his grandfather under a special guardianship arrangement. Michael’s paternal attachment to date has been to his grandparents, as an older child Michael might struggle to deal with the status of being adopted and where there is evidence of a good relationship with members of the family, special guardian ship has the advantage of being less disruptive than either fostering or adoption, (Lowe Murch,2003). In the short term, Perdita remains a potential safeguarding issue. The staff have concerns over her being smacked and if this was viewed as a regular occurrence then most professionals would agree that Perdita was at least subject to inadequate parenting, whereas others would go further, and describe this as physical maltreatment, (Harwarth,2002). However, it must be born in mind that Josie may believe that she is attempting to be a good mother and merely modelling her own behaviour on her own experiences (Bandura 1977). The reason for Josie taking an excessive disciplinary approach to Perdita may be linked to her own experience of childrearing. If Josie was herself physically or emotionally maltreated, she may have developed ambivalent or disorganised attachment behaviours which apply to her own parenting relationship with Perdita, (Ainsworth 1989, Dominelli, 2002). The evidence base for proving that child maltreatment is passed form one generation to another is not conclusive (Macd onald, 2001), however it would need to be considered that Josie’s experiences of being raised in care could have an impact her own parenting skills which could be improved with education and support. The following legislation provides for the recommended solutions for this case study. The Children Act 1989 states that, where possible, the welfare of the children must be attempted inside the family environment. Thus the Children Act allows for social work professionals and other carers to monitor the current home situation before formulating their final recommendations. The Child Protection Act 1999 makes provision for Child Protection Conferences and such a conference regarding both Perdita and Michael would be an important short term measure to assess the risk to the children and to co-ordinate a Child Protection Plan for them. Legislation under the Child Protection Act 1999 would allow social workers to place either child on the Child Protection Register which would then require the design of a Child Protection Plan, to control future proceedings towards ensuring the safety of the children. These plans would clearly define what duties each care agency has for the protection of the children, and ensure that there is coherent and productive communication between these individual agencies, (Harwarth,2002). After the initial conference a further meeting can be convened after three months and then further six monthly conferences if felt necessary. I do not feel that Josie’s actions have reached the threshold for removing Perdita, at this time, and instead advocate further education and support should be indentified and provided to help improve her parenting capacity, of Perdita, in the short term, with the potential longer term aim of being placed in suitable supported accommodation to receive Michael also. However, I must also accept that if such short term support measures prove unsuccessful, and improved parental capacity is not observed, then it may be necessary to bring a public law case (family court) against Josie as set out in the Children Act 1989. If the court thinks it necessary to remove custody of Michael and Perdita from Josie, then the Ad option of Children Act 2002 would be utilised to make provisions for the long term care of the children under the status of looked after children. After the child protection conference there would be clear summaries, which identify from the information gathered, the child’s developmental needs, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors. In each of these domains, both strengths and difficulties would then be identified, (Booth Keegan, 1996). Children’s needs do not exist in a vacuum, (Hugman, 1991), therefore the inter-relationships between the child, family and environment must be understood. Michael and Perdita are not yet looked after children, since Jodie is their biological mother and as such, the provisions for looked after children are not part of my recommendations, at this time, however, this could become a possibility.   If this happened, then Perdita’s father, by virtue of having parental responsibility, would need to be consulted and his viewpoint sought before any final placement decision was made, hence my recommendation he be present, if agreement is possible, at the child protection conference. Fundamental to the recommended plan, from the beginning, is the commitment of all the parties involved, and the signatures to the plan of those who have lead responsibility, for ensuring it is carried forward. There should also be a clear recorded statement, on the plan, about when and how it will be reviewed, as reviewing the child’s progress, and the effectiveness of services, and other interventions is a continuous part, (Booth Kegan, 1996). Some of the information for these recommendations would have been gathered at the initial and core assessments and could have been complimented through the use of questionnaires and scales, (Department of Health, Cox and Bentovim, 2000). The Home Inventory (Caldwell and Bradley, 1984) and the Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Difficulties (Bentovim Bingley Miller, 2000), also provide important information about the child’s world and family functioning respectively. Service users, such as Josie, know little about the servicers available to them therefore social workers must act as the brokers to resources through referring them, (Payne, 2005). Just as the problems facing families are often interlinked, so the service providers for children and their families need to work closely together to be most effective, (Schneider Lester, 2001). It is important that all those concerned with services to children and families, statutory and voluntary bodies, community groups and families, contribute to the development of these plans, (Payne,1996). Everyone benefits if services are properly co-ordinated and integrated, (Rushton,2003). The structure and organisation of services to safeguard children are dictated by core legislation, guidance and policy, (Dalrymple J. and Burke B (1995). Government key objectives for improvements in outcomes, for children in need, can only be achieved by close collaboration between professionals and agencies working with child ren and families, (Harwarth, 2002). In particular Working together to Safeguard Children (DOH, 1999) and the Framework for the Assessment for Children in Need and Their Families, (DoH, 2000), provide comphrehensive guidance. The Framework for Assessment, (DoH,2000) provides guidance on the initial assessments and core assessments of a child in need including time frames that need to be met. Section 11 of The Children Act 2004 establishes the duty of different service providers to co-operate. â€Å"The support and protection of children cannot be achieved by a single agency Every Service has to play its part. All staff must have placed upon them the clear expectation that their primary responsibility is to the child and his or her family.† Lord Laming in the Victoria Climbià © Inquiry Report, Paragraphs 17.92 and 17.93. Securing the wellbeing of children, by protecting them from all forms of harm, and ensuring their developmental needs are responded to appropriately, are primary aims of social work (Milner O’Byrne, 1998). The effectiveness with which a child’s needs are assessed will be key to the effectiveness of subsequent actions and services and, ultimately, to the outcomes for the child and this can only happen within an interdisciplinary and multiagency context. Many social workers practice in settings where they complete dual roles, protecting vulnerable individuals, and the community at large, in addition to playing other supportive roles, (Payne, 1996). In order to demonstrate adherence to working in an anti- discriminatory and anti-oppressive way it would be important to record the specific views and opinions and feelings of all concerned and attempt to build these, (sometimes contradictory) views into the recommended solutions where possible. At times it would be important to advocate on the family’s behalf with other agencies, taking time to reassure Josie that her views will be sought and listened to in this process, whilst also listening to and integrating the potentially different needs of Michael, the grandfather and Perdita’s father, (Sinclair et al, 2007). Only by working in partnership with the family could you begin to empower them to enable to seek the correct support and assistance. No matter where they are employed, social workers are influenced by the social work value of self determination for their client, (Thompson 2002). In defending this value you can begin to ensure that there has been an adherence to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice. Further to these general aims, policy guidelines and codes of practice provide the framework for such casework, and are there to enable professionals maintain the standards expected of them, (Payne, 2005). Using the Department of Health Framework for Assessment, as the initial assessment tool, would provide the opportunity to highlight and record the clients involvement in the solutions recommended. The aim of the practice guidance is to make transparent the evidence base for the assessment framework, thereby assisting professionals in their tasks of analysis, judgement and dec ision making and working together to promote anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice. If we are not attuned to recognising and challenging discrimination we run the risk of condoning it, or even exacerbating it, through our own actions, (Thompson, 1998). We need to be sensitive to discrimination and oppression to avoid the pitfall of becoming oblivious to their existence, (Tomlinson Trew, 2002). Giddons (1977) argues that power is intrinsic to all social interaction, we therefore cannot escape the significance of power in our dealings with other people. Assessments and subsequent care plans are more effective if the child and family feel empowered and involved throughout the process (Department for Education and Skills, 2001), to demonstrate that for Josie and her family you had worked in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive way it would be important to establish and document their individual contributions to the process, and ensure they felt involvement in the solutions and recommendations made. One of the hallmarks of good practice in traditional approaches t o social work has been a sensitivity to feelings, (Dominelli, 2002), this aim should run through all aspects of the recommendations. REFERENCES Adoption and Children Act (2002), London: HMSO Ainsworth,M.D.S., (1989) Attatchment Beyond Infancy, American Psychologist, 44, 709-716. In: Cassidy, J. Shaver,P., (2008) Handbook of Attachment: Theory Research and Clinical Application (2nd Ed). New York: Guildford. Bentovim, A. Bingley Miller, L. 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