Integrated Pest Management Strategies In Zanzibar Environmental Sciences Essay

Coordinated Pest Management ( IPM ) was embraced by Plant Protection Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zanzibar to better agrarian creation on significant harvests ( rice, banana, manioc and veggies ) at minimal graduated table agribusiness framework. The multi-disciplinary gathering of IPM facilitators made cognizance to husbandmans via convey oning courses, workshops and medicines. The IPM bunches were framed through Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) . PRRA was other than used to put employments and creating requests. Rancher field School assault was presented using the adaptation of the methodological examination adjusted from South East Asiatic Ecosystem. Ranchers were engaged on earth sound examples, for example, ailment free planting stuffs confirmed seeds, natural control, and so forth. On-ranch tests inside Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) was other than led by participatory building advancement technique. A total of 52 husbandmans ‘ bunches influ encing 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 guys and 489 females ) have been prepared. There was a yield expansion for all the harvests with the acknowledgment of IPM design, watered rice was from 2.2 †4.4 tons/ha, rainfed rice 2.3 †3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5 †33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2 †11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3 †17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9 †33.6 tons/ha. The outcomes had a decent effect in footings of acknowledgment of engineerings by the IPPM husbandmans and the adjoining husbandmans. 1. Presentation More than 90 % of husbandmans in Zanzibar are asset poor with no dish of information or acknowledgment ( Abubakar, 2005 ) . They rely upon means agribusiness for their help, customarily the trimming framework is on minimal graduated table ranches averaging 3 bequests ( 1.2 hour edge. ) of cultivable land and extremely mind boggling. Rice was positioned an of import essential supplement reap followed by bananas and manioc ( Saleh, 2007 ) . Vegetables are considered as a hard money collect rather than supplement gather. Cultivating is being drilled is everywhere throughout the island because of its adapatation to different earth and natural conditions. As a monocrop, rice is developed in paddy nations though veggies, manioc and banana were to a great extent developed on fruitless soils or as an intercrop with sweet murphy, sweet potatoes or enduring trees, for example, cloves and coconuts. This example serves a few expectations, for example, guaranting supplement security, ideal use of earth and interminable, dissolving control and weed bearing. Food security is unsteady because of quick populace developing of 3.1 % ( Mzee, 2000 ) , financial developing is inadequate to keep up with populace developing. The majority of the nearby cultivars were relinquished, their vanishing was connected with low restriction to maladies and sicknesses, drouth accentuation, advertise request. The general propensity underway has been lessening because of figure of elements, exhaustion of soil nourishments, populace power per unit zone. Yield losingss brought about by plague and maladies can be up to 80 % . This has constrained husbandmans to expand the creation by expanding land zone. Anyway the mean yield is still truly low of 2-7t/ha. In light of these agro natural and financial employments, interchange creation frameworks were tried for example pesticide application, use of substance manures, yet asset hapless husbandmans can non manage the cost of them except if they get appropriations from the specialists. Consequently, to accomplish an expansion in supplement creation for the advancement of country support, plans for earth safe bug control steps must be embraced. The plans could be created dependent on an exhaustive cognizance of customary social control techniques or IPM. Incorporated Pest Management appear to be the best assault to build creation and reducing need in Zanzibar An Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) assault was embraced to eliminate down plague position and extreme use of pesticides ( Sharma et al. 2009 ) . The Farmer Field School ( FFS ) assault, a hypothetical record for IPM plan around the world, with emotional results in South East Asia ( Erbaugh et al, 2002 ) was other than received. Plant Protection division with its approval on gather security issue in Zanzibar actualized IPM on four harvests ( rice, banana, veggies and manioc ) . 2.0 The point of introducing IPM plan was: To approve husbandmans with the ability to recognize advance or make answers for their ain limitations rather than envisioning outside contributions from the specialists. To build creation by creating cultivating engineerings using locally accessible assets. To build supplement security and salary of the provincial help, thusly easing destitution. 3.0 Methodologies Workshops/Seminars to make attention to strategy shapers, caputs of segments field agribusiness officials and planter. Multi-disciplinary crews of gathering of facilitators were framed dwelling individuals from various specialization of agribusiness in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment. Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) was led to set up gauge data on husbandmans autochthonal cognizance, employments experienced. The exercises utilized were: Gatherings, the primary gathering talked about the points and why deal with participatory mode. Semi Structured Interview ( SSI ) : depended on agenda from which the requests were routed to husbandmans to ask their reactions. Singular meetings were other than led. The data gathered from various sources was utilized for contrasting the data with stay away from disarray. Transect walk was made over the modest community. The plan was to present the gathering with the cultivating arrangement of the nation, agro biological situation and socio-social element of the individuals. Gathering Discussions: The gathering medicines were directed after the single meeting. Findingss and data were assembled introduced and talked about. Preparing and Participatory medicines: A program of activity was defined dependent on employments and creating requests distinguished during the PRRA. Preparing was done through medicines influencing pertinent skilled issue specializer ( SMS ) . A few subjects were secured when request emerges. Rancher Field School Approach ( FFS ) : FFS was received with the constitution to FFS, the develop of all encompassing assault was polished without being confined to the control of maladies and sicknesses. The standards followed were to turn solid reap, screen field inconsistently, dissect the agro-biological system ( AESA ) and do on-ranch tests. 4.0 Consequences 4.1 Problem Designation The significant employments distinguished were from 4 significant harvests. The general employments for every one of the 4 harvests were hapless collect course, use of grim seeds and seting stuffs, exhaustion of earth nourishments, continuous trimming on a similar land on checking SSI and positioning methodological examination on participatory treatment ; the central limitations became ; ( I ) infections and ailments ( two ) hapless soil birthrate ( three ) unavailability of seeds ( four ) insufficiency of capable cognize how. For rice extremely hardly any diseases were available and the staying bugs were common adversaries which does non hold any misfortune ; the significant employments were soil birthrate and collect bearing. Nematodes, banana weevils and dark sigatoka were the activity for banana. High figure of diseases were available in vegetable Fieldss however the of import 1s were African bollworms, fusarium shrivel and bacterial wither which is a huge restriction. Cassava earthy colored Streak Disease ( CBSD ) and Cassava Mosaic Virus ( CMV ) for manioc 4.2 Depletion of Soil Foods The lessening of collect yield was an impact of expanded food accentuation which may hold been brought about gather helplessness of infections attack and chop down ability to recover from plague hurt ( Spittel. 1997 ) . Ranchers asserted hapless yield was brought about by continuous trimming, and some of them is because of planetary warming, earth dissolving and scarceness of downpours. The vast majority of the husbandmans did non absolutely depict the restrictions of hapless oil birthrate. To confirm, if the reason was correct, earth tests were gathered aimlessly at a profundity of 25 centimeters and thoroughly different. They were sent for examination at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro in 2007. The outcome of the Soil Analysis is as per the following: 3.6 % natural issue, pH ( H20 ) 4.7, 0.06 % whole N, 0.36 meq/100g of Exch base 3.8meq/100g accessible P ( Brays PI ) and textural classification of yellowish mud ( Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007 ) . In all earth pH, the natural undertaking content, N content and accessible phosphoric were truly low. Indeed, even cassava and banana develops great at pH 6.0 aa‚â ¬ † 7.5.Low pH may take to poisonousness especially for rice and veggies ( Spittel, 1997 ) . In this manner along with husbandmans, it was chosen to better soil birthrate through gather cultivating. 4.3 Prioritization The apparatuses for prioritization were semi-organized meeting, positioning ( network pairwise ) and occasional schedule. The planter bunch distinguished its limitations and limitations. In supplement gather positioning, all the four harvests were of import since intercropping is the methodological examination polished by asset hapless husbandmans in Zanzibar. In bunch medicines, SSI outcomes and framework, the employments were positioned blending to their significance. The positioning was: ( I ) consumption of earth nourishments ( two ) shortfall of affirmed planting stuffs. ( three ) plague and malady ( CBSD for manioc, banana weevils for banana, fusarium shrivel for veggies and excessive utilization of pesticides for rice ) 4.4. Network Training and Participatory Discussion The readiness plan was centered around limitations distinguished by husbandmans. They were prepared and enabled on various assaults of choosing by picking alternatives which they thought would be suitable in their region. Arranging was finished with commitment of the husbandmans The people group were engaged on suggested agrarian examples, for example Manure readyin

Do Markets Emerge or Are They Created By Firms Essay

Do Markets Emerge or Are They Created By Firms - Essay Example Regardless of whether coincidentally or structure, when a firm fittingly surmises an idle need and creates novel contributions tending to neglected necessities, new markets are made. In spite of the fact that creative firms are not generally gainful, new markets increase the value of society, and firm’s essential objective is to catch some piece of that esteem by exploratory systems (Jacobides, 2003). The different components through which firms benefit from their own exercises related with new item improvement incorporate item highlights to draw in purchasers, cost inelastic new markets, replacement of existing items with less expensive items, and advancement of capacities for adjustment. Variety brings about additional variety, and the making of item classifications and procedure of hierarchical unbundling brings about decrease of exchange costs setting justification for new markets to be made (Anderson and Gatignon, 2005). Firms likewise make markets without growing new ite ms through negligible showcasing and the board exercises, in any event, for natural items. For instance, formation of outlets in distraught areas makes new markets. The basic rule to this idea is diminishing exchange costs, and changing over possibilities into purchasers (Anderson and Gatignon, 2005). ... The learning of purchasers by utilizing advances or the adjustment in utilization innovation makes it exceptionally difficult for firms to discover or foresee new markets on premise of simply conceptual interest. In addition, firms never depend on existing contrasts in tastes to create markets, however endeavor hard to cause tastes to adhere changing them into explicit antiquities which may not generally succeed in the long run. Also, the contentions supporting formation of new markets through anticipating request can't legitimize the improvement of specific items and not others. Rivalry should bring about firms uniting to same item plans. Rather, there is tremendous variety as seen in genuine markets (Sarasvathy and Dew, 2005). Firms own advantages or have command over them, and possession is the force which permits powerful exercise of that control (Grossman and Hart, 1986). The significant advantage of possession is that it permits adaptability over dynamic and firm’s versa tility to evolving situations (Madhok, 2006). Possession is viewed as one of the key factors in deciding the presentation or result of a firm. Research uncovers that a positive relationship exists between administrative possession and execution until a specific limit level of proprietorship focus. Past the limit, execution may decay as chiefs frequently exploit the mutual advantage of control to seek after their own advantages and methodologies (Neumann and Voetmann, 2003). The presentation of firms will in general decrease when possession and control are isolated, and increment with rivalry. Be that as it may, firms having worker directors generally show preferable execution over proprietor supervisors in different divisions since proprietor administrators acquire homes

Riot Roundup The Best Books We Read in January

Riot Roundup The Best Books We Read in January We asked our contributors to share the best book they read last month. We’ve got fiction, nonfiction, YA, and much, much moreâ€"there are book recommendations for everyone here! Some are old, some are new, and some aren’t even out yet. Enjoy and tell us about the highlight of your reading month in the comments. Anatomy of a Scandal by Sarah Vaughan I will be shocked if this doesn’t turn out to be the best book I read all year. It nails the feeling of being new to an elite British university as a smart young woman who’s used to being laughed at for working hard. Every sentence is masterful, and it has important things to say about consent and gaslighting and the Establishment. But it’s also just a really good story, expertly told. â€"Claire Handscombe The Animators by Kayla Rae Whitaker This book hit me in the feels. But I’m glad I read it. It’s about Mel and Sharon, college friends and partners, who have just released their first animated feature to critical acclaim. It’s about figuring out your life after the cruelty and banality of childhood. It’s about the ups and downs of creative partnership. And of course, it’s about friendship. I read it because it is on the Short List for the Tournament of Books. â€"Elisa Shoenberger Akata Warrior by Nnedi Okorafor I feel like I shouldn’t have to explain why the sequel to Akata Witch by the indomitable Nnedi Okorafor was the best thing I read this month. I mean, I’ve been waiting to read this sequel since even before it was announced. I am obsessed with everything Okorafor writes and the holds on her books are always forever long at my library. Honestly, I was so thrilled that Warrior flushed out even more of Sunny’s character and gave her more grit and that the novel eclipsed Witch in terms of quality and length. If you’re not familiar with this series but you love Harry Potter, this is your next pick, trust me. â€"Brandi Bailey Beauty is a Wound by Eka Kurniawan, translated by Annie Tucker This was the first book I read in 2018. I read it because it was thick and it was translated. Two things that I’d like to do more of in 2018 are read more translations and get back to reading thicker books. So reading Beauty is a Wound was meant as a sort of prelude to a year of better reading, and, wellâ€"talk about setting the bar high. This is a fabulous book set in Indonesia during and after WWII. The best comparison I could give you is One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It’s tragic and funny and gruesome and beautiful. This book is epic. It is everything. I loved it so much. Writing about it now is making me think about it again, and I can’t believe this isn’t more widely read! It should be! Everyone should read it! Kurniawan has a beautiful talent. â€"Sarah Ullery Bruja Born  by Zoraida Córdova (Sourcebooks Fire, June 5th 2018) An intense, magical adventure about loss, love, and strength that will grip you from the first sentence and leave you agog with the last. Lula Mortiz is a bruja still figuring out her powers, but after an accident she’s certain that she must save her boyfriend. Except there is an order in this world and no one crosses Death. Brujas vs casimuertos for ALL THE WINS! â€"Jamie Canaves Buzz by Hallie Lieberman I acquired this book for Work Purposes, but reading this was pure pleasure. Lieberman’s book is a fascinating and engaging historical account of the birth of the sex-positive feminist movement, the ever-shifting politics behind masturbation, and the stories behind the handful of plucky entrepreneurs who made the sex toy industry what it is today. Best history book ever. â€"Steph Auteri Call of Fire by Beth Cato After reading Breath of Earth for a book club, I was so deeply in love with the world of earth-based magic Cato crafted that I had to pick up the sequel ASAP. Call of Fire expands past protagonist Ingrid Carmichael’s alternate-history 1906 San Francisco into other places up and down the West Coast, and it’s incredibly well-researchedâ€"the author even includes a list of books she used for research for readers curious to read more about some of the forgotten parts of early 20th century American history. â€"Feliza Casano The Courtesan Duchess by Joanna Shupe I went on a deep romance reading spree this month, and reading all of Joanna Shupe’s backlog was my favorite. Her stories are clever, bring up feminist messages, and are sexy AFâ€"three things that don’t always come together in historical romance. The Courtesan Duchess had a set up so bananas that I found myself telling absolutely everyone I saw about it. Julia, the young Duchess of Colton, was abandoned by her husband after the Regency equivalent of a shotgun wedding. She needs an heir to protect her financial future, but her husband wants nothing to do with her. So she disguises herself as a courtesan and gets sex tips from the most notorious prostitute in London in order to trick her husband into sleeping with herâ€"sparks fly, tempers flare, and by the end my heart was totally rooting for these two. â€"Alison Doherty The Cruel Prince by Holly Black I had been hearing some buzz about this book and picked it up on a whim. Immediately I was drawn in as Jude and her sisters witness their parents murder and are kidnapped. They are brought to Faerie to live among the Fae. I loved every moment of this dark fantasy adventure. The land of Faerie is so interesting and full of political intrigue. I loved following badass Jude as she discovers no one is all good or all bad. Despite how it appears, everyone has both in them. Even Jude. â€"Beth O’Brien The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell I read this book as my Celebrity Memoir choice for the Book Riot: Read Harder Challenge. After seeing the movie The Disaster Artist, I couldn’t help myself. I’d never seen The Room before, but I suddenly found myself fascinated with the mystery of Tommy Wiseau and his obsession with making it in Hollywood, despite his lack of charisma and talent. I ended up listening to the audiobook version of this, which is narrated by Wiseau’s best friend and partner Greg Sestero, and I’m so glad I did. Sestero’s impression of Wiseau is spot on, and, dare I say it, 5,000 times better than James Franco’s. This book was hilarious, outrageous, and thought-provoking. It truly took me by surprise. â€"Emily Martin The Duke’s Children by Anthony Trollope This is the last book in Trollope’s Palliser series, and it’s a good one. Plantagenet Palliser, who was always distant from his children, now has to guide them into adulthood without the help of his wife. It’s a sweet story because he loves his children so much and wants them to be happy, but he also believes in tradition and is deeply torn when two of his children fall in love with people he doesn’t think are acceptable matches. It’s such a joy to watch the Duke soften and become the kind person he’s been all along, even if he didn’t know how to show it. Among 19th-century male novelists, Trollope is particularly good at writing women, and I liked how he filled this book with strong-minded women of various types. Not everyone gets a happy ending, because life is complicated, but the endings feel right, and the was a great conclusion to the series. â€"Teresa Preston The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin This book is worth all of the hype. It was utterly immersive and unlike anything else I’ve read. Jemisin juggles multiple stories in different parts of this unfamiliar world without losing either momentum or reader’s interest. I will say though that the child abuse meant I needed to take regular breaks while reading (because I wish I’d known that going into the first scene). If you’re wondering whether you should pick this book up, the answer is yes. â€"Aimee Miles Finding Yvonne by Brandy Colbert (August 9, 2018) It’s unfair to talk about a book this much in advance of release but I need to talk about it. Yvonnes been playing violin for many years, but now that her senior year is here shes facing the reality that playing violin might not be her future. Shes been fine at school, but she doesnt want to attend a school to simply attend school. Right now, shes concerned about figuring out what to do with her passion for music and how to temper that with the impending reality of high school ending. Then theres the rocky relationship she has with her dad and the desire shes unable to shake relating to finding out more about the mother who left her many years ago. But just as things begin to shake out a bit and Yvonne finds herself finding an interest and strong talent in baking and she begins toying with the idea of music therapy as a career, she finds out shes pregnant. Shes not sure who the father is, and shes certainly not sure what to do. Colbert weaves in a lot of smart exploration of race and class here, particularly when it comes to the fear always lingering at the back of Yvonnes mind about how her choices and decisions look because shes black. She knows she has to work twice as hard to do half as well as her white peers, but she also is spot on about the challenge of then always feeling shes feeding into some statistic, which removes her from being a fully-realized, complex human. Fans of Colberts previous works will love this. It has a VERY Nina LaCour feel to it, too, so readers who love LaCour and havent read Colbert would do great starting here. â€"Kelly Jensen Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House by Michael Wolff Sometimes I don’t need artful language and documented proof. Sometimes I miss mid-aughts Perez Hilton. Sometimes I just want to live in my echo chamber and read juicy gossip about people I already dislike. Fire and Fury scratched that exact itch for me. Wolff might not be a reliable Deep Throat/Woodward/Bernstein hybrid, but he sure knows how to write a page-turner full of schadenfreude and tabloid fodder. No shame in my game, I thoroughly enjoyed every second of this book. â€"Elizabeth Allen FIYAH Literary Magazine, Issue 5: Ahistorical Blackness by by Justina Ireland, Troy L. Wiggins, L.H. Moore, Monique L. Desir, Irette Y. Patterson (Contributor), Shari Paul, Phenderson Djeli Clark This issue is just what 2018 needs: fiction about history, legacy, rebellion, and the need to know the truth. We have uncomfortable tales about slavery and complicity, as well as Norse werewolves (because that is awesome). It also has beautiful art, prose, and excerpts. â€"Priya Sridhar From Twinkle, With Love by Sandhya Menon As a South Asian, it’s rare to get books that represent us and do it well. Sandhya Menon did that with When Dimple Met Rishi, and now again with From Twinkle, With Love. She’s written an amazing book that will resonate with manyâ€"but especially resonated with me as a South Asian and an immigrant. Menon has created a complex and relatable character in Twinkle Mehra and the plot is as much about figuring yourself out as it is about romance. From Twinkle, With Love is funny, heartwarming, and also absolutely heartbreaking at times. â€"Adiba Jaigirdar From a Certain Point of View edited by Elizabeth Schaefer I love everything about this book from the premise to the execution. Basically, From a Certain Point of View is an anthology telling the story of A New Hope, except entirely from the point of view of side characters. So, yeah, sign me up! It dragged a little on Tatooine, but overall the quality of stories was pretty high. Particular favorites were “The Sith of Datawork” by Ken Liu, “Master and Apprentice” by Claudia Gray, “The Baptist” by Nnedi Okorafor, and “There is Another” by Gary D. Schmidt. This is a must-read for any Star Wars fan, as far as I’m concerned! â€"Rachel Brittain The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas I’m mad at myself for taking so long to get around to this book, but I’m so thankful it was the first book I read in 2018. Given that it’s such a heavy topic, I didn’t expect it to be quite so funny. But I laughed quite a bit throughout this one, which was a nice surprise to balance some of the weightiness. One of the biggest feats Thomas pulls off in this, that I appreciate the most, is writing teenage characters that actually actâ€"and soundâ€"like real teenagers. Thomas has written a humane and human story about police brutality, racism, injustice, and adolescence with eloquence and grace. â€"Matt Grant Himself by Jess Kidd This was the latest pick for my mystery book group, although it is by no means a straightforward mystery. It’s a book where there are ghosts who reveal some important plot points, just as a starter. But there is a mystery at the heart of the bookâ€"the question of what happened to the main character’s mother. This main character is a young man in Ireland in the 1970s who grew up in an orphanage in Dublin and travels to the small Irish town where he was born to try to discover his family history. The book begins very violently but quickly turns into something much funnier than I expected. It’s amusing, charming, absorbing, and a lot of fun. â€"Rebecca Hussey Home fire by Kamila Shamsie I can’t stop talking about how much I love this book! I’ve already recommended it to about a dozen people since I finished it a couple of weeks ago. Home Fire is a modern retelling of Antigone that follows three Pakistani siblings living in London. They’re grieving the loss of their mother and grandmother, coming to terms with the legacy of their jihadist father, and grappling with religious freedom and discrimination. It’s a little cerebral, but in a way that I loved, with poignant moments and perfectly imperfect characters. I really can’t recommend this book highly enough. â€"Susie Dumond How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee (Mariner Books, April 17) I’m not great about reading books of essays, especially personal essays. Maybe it’s because I’m so used to reading them on the internet that I don’t think of them as books. I read this book because I loved Chee’s first two novels and because I’m working on a semi-autobiographical novel myself and the title was too much to pass up. It’s a fantastic collection that both shows the kind of depths in a single person that we rarely encounter even in memoir, and that offers several essays about writing that I found inspiring and useful. If you’re the kind of writer who will never get an MFA but wants to know more about how writers are trained and how they think, there’s so much to consider and it’s provided in the kind of prose that will thrill you and make you deeply jealous. â€"Jessica Woodbury The Inexplicable Logic of My Life by Benjamin Alire Sáenz I loved Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe so I made room for this one in my reading schedule as soon as I could. I gotta say I loved Aristotle and Dante more, but this one is still great. There are things that happened in it (spoilers!) that mirrored things happening in my own life and I cried most of the way home one day while listening to the audiobook. The author does a great job of exploring teen feelings with depth and respect. â€"Sarah Nicolas The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin In 1969, adolescent siblings Simon, Klara, Daniel and Varya visit a travel psychic who, rumor has it, can tell you the exact day you will die. Each of the children are rattled by the encounter, and the prophecies they hear affect their decisions for the rest of their lives. I enjoyed Chloe Benjamin’s debut novel, The Anatomy of Dreams, but The Immortalists is a huge step up from there. The writing feels smoother and more confident, and her grasp of her characters is perfect. There were a few moments where I thought the plot felt a little forced, but I was still deeply affected by each of the Gold siblings and the choices they made about how to live their lives given what they thought they learned as children. It’s a melancholy, beautiful novel. â€"Kim Ukura Just Like Jackie by Lindsay Stoddard This lovely middle grade book is about Robinson Hart and her grandfather. As far as she can remember, it has only been the two of them. But as her grandfather’s memory begins to decline, Robbie has to work hard to keep him safe so they can stay together. At the same time, Robbie struggles to control her anger at school and stay out of trouble, but that is much harder than she imagined. This is a sweet intergenerational story of an unconventional family sure to engage young readers who will root for Robbie’s happy ending. â€"Karina Glaser Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson This book has been on my to-read list for an age and a day. I’m only sorry it took me so long to read it. Bryan Stevenson is the founder of the Equal Justice Initiative, an organization dedicated to fighting mass incarceration, the internment of minors in adult prisons, the death penalty, racial criminal injustice, and a host of other human rights abuses perpetrated by our legal system. In this book, he shares the story of Walter McMillian, a black man who spent years on death row for a crime he didn’t commit. Woven into the narrative are the stories of many other men, women, and children sentenced to endure horribly unjust punishments. This book is brutal and heartbreaking to read, but it also gives me great hope that there are people and organizations like Stevenson and EJI out there fighting for change. I can’t recommend it highly enough, so if, like me, you’re a little behind on this one, get your butt to the bookstore and buy a copy today. â€"Kate Scott The People Could Fly: The Picture Book by Virginia Hamilton, illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon This lovely picture book retells an African American folktale about slaves with wings and finding freedom. I loved the rich illustrations, and I look forward to reading the larger collection this is taken fromâ€"The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales. I meant to read the larger collection, but my library only had the picture book currently available. But I’m glad I checked it out! I will now be purchasing it for my daughter’s library. â€"Margaret Kingsbury Picture Us in the Light by Kelly Loy Gilbert (April 10, Disney Hyperion) WOW. wowowow. I am kind of speechless. This book is brilliantly and beautifully written and tackles some timely and important subjects. Senior Danny Cheng has his future set: acceptance and a scholarship to RISD. He has great friends, supportive parents, and all he needs to seemingly do is coast for the next few months before college. Then he stumbles upon a box in his father’s closet that unravels a family secret his parents have tried very hard to bury. There were so many surprises (all of them good) in this book. I’m not going to go into specifics about the storyline I related to most because it would ruin the revealâ€"but I haven’t read many books with this subject and I greatly appreciated it. It’s been a while since a book shattered and mended my heart in 300-some pages and I loved every second of this. â€"Kate Krug A Place Called No Homeland by Kai Cheng Thom This book of poetry took my breath away. These poems are fierce and angry and tender and beautiful. Kai Cheng Thom writes about trauma and loss, sexual assault, and the violence perpetrated against trans and queer people of color. But these poems also reverberate with a deep, deep joy; they celebrate trans and queer lives and loves and bodies; they are about sisterhood and resilience and loving yourself through brokenness. There are some truly astonishing lines in this book that will stay with me forever. It’s one of the best poetry collections I’ve read in recent memory, and a book I can’t stop shouting about to everyone I know. â€"Laura Sackton  Ragged Company by Richard Wagamese This is a story about a group of four chronically homeless people who win the lottery. But there’s not as big a chasm between “before” and “after” as you might expect. Ragged Company is thoughtful, character-based, and has more to do with survival than anything else. We slowly get the backstories of each of them, and see how they deal with their past, racism (two of the charactersâ€"as well as the authorâ€"are indigenous), addiction, and having their whole lives changed. I will admit to full-out sobbing at points, but there is more hope and friendship here than despair. This is definitely one I will keep thinking about for a long time. â€"Danika Ellis Shadow Girl by Liana Liu I picked this up because the gorgeous illustrated cover caught my eye. Plus Im always down to read YA lit by Asian authors. Shadow Girl centers on Mei, an academic tutor who goes to be a live-in tutor for a wealthy family, but the moment she steps into their mansion, its clear that something isnt right. This book immediately became one of my fave YA books everâ€"haunting stories with a supernatural element arent usually my cup of tea, but the portrayal of Meis fraught mother-daughter relationship with her single, Chinese-speaking immigrant mother felt so real and relatable. Definitely check it out! â€"Jessica Yang Speak Easy, Speak Love by McKelle George Imagine Much Ado About Nothing set in the Roaring Twenties with speakeasies, gangsters, jazz, and Charles Lindbergh, and you have this book. It is a DELIGHT, funny and sweepingly romantic with a diverse cast of characters who have a ton of chemistry. I loved all the historical details George included in the book and how she used them to go beyond the stereotypes of Prohibition, setting her speakeasy in a quaint boarding house on Long Island instead of in New York City. Not to mention it’s just a charming, unputdownable romantic comedy. I stayed up until eight in the morning reading, and I didn’t even realize how late it was until I turned the final page! In conclusion, John Morello is the swooniest. The end. â€"Tasha Brandstatter Tempest by Beverly Jenkins Only in a romance novel could a man get shot by his mail-order bride, marry her a few days later, and then find love with that same woman less than fifteen chapters later. Of course, with Beverly Jenkins pretty much anything is possible. This book had so much more going for it than just an enthralling meet-cute, though. There was female friendship, an exploration of grief, and historically-accurate event details woven throughout the fictitious love story. This book will definitely be going on my keeper shelf. â€"Erin McCoy Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston It is entirely possible that I am the last person left who hadn’t read this. Unlike a lot of people, I didn’t have to read it in school. (Related: I didn’t go to a good school.) I obtained a copy in 2007 with the plans to read it, and promptly lost it in a box when I moved. When it resurfaced in 2016, I made it my goal to read it in 2017…and then lost it down behind a bookcase for ten months. So this year, I made sure to read it as my first book of 2018. As expected, it was AMAZING. It’s an incredibly heartbreaking story about former slaves, racism, and loss as told through one woman’s life, and the language and storytelling are so powerful it will take your breath away. â€"Liberty Hardy The Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded: Poems by Molly McCully Brown In this incredible collection, Brown handles her historical subject matter with sensitivity and authenticity; the poems felt well-researched yet organic. Her style embodies everything I look for in poetry: she plays with form, tells stories, uses concrete details, makes every line significant, handles alliteration effectively, and overall writes her speakers with a spirit of empathy. All of this comes together to form beautiful, heart-wrenching poems that touch on something universal to the human experience. I read every poem at least twice. â€"Emily Polson The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration by Isabel Wilkerson This remarkable work of narrative nonfiction tells of The Great Migration of African Americans fleeing the south to pursue freedom in the north and west from 1915â€"1970. I was blown away by the impressive amount of research Wilkerson compiled to give such a comprehensive overview of this decades-long movement. On a purely intellectual level, I learned a ton. But the information is interlaced with intimate personal accounts of three particular migrants over the course of their lifetimes, and these were so moving and affecting, that I walked away with a much richer picture of this epic change in our country. â€"Heather Bottoms When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and asha bandele I was incredibly moved by this memoir. Khan-Cullors shows that in her family and community, like in families and communities of color around the nation, systemic injustice and racist policies are dehumanizing black and brown bodies. She speaks of her hard-working mother, her brother whose mental illness was exacerbated by torture during incarceration, and her kind and loving father who struggled to stay clean from substance abuse. This is such a stunning and unforgettable memoir that is as much a call to action as it is a revealing portrait of a brilliant young leader. â€"Christina Vortia White Tears by Hari Kunzru I’m a little late to this party, and White Tears was almost custom-made for a music obsessive like me, but White Tears is just as good as people say. It’s a piercing examination of the elusiveness of authenticity and racial affiliation. The dreamlike second half felt less compelling to me than the very specific and detailed first half, but both sections are unforgettable. â€"Christine Ro

Terrorism Essay - 1030 Words

On the morning of September 11, 2001 people around the world turned on their televisions and became witnesses the most devastating terrorist act ever carried out on U.S. soil. Much time has passed since then and the United States has changed in the succeeding years. Billions more than before, are now going into defense funds. American citizens have lost many conveniences as well as bits and pieces of privacy. Many Americans have even added many words to their vocabulary. Words like Al-Queda and Anthrax are thrown around in everyday conversation. To most these things are understandable, they were changes necessary to insure Americans safety. The problem however, is that terrorism doesnt just happen in our country. It happens in every†¦show more content†¦Its amazing how the U.S. calls itself helping people when in actuality they just go and kill people. The last time I checked the law we were past the days of Hammurabis Code. The U.S. needs not to meddle in the affairs of oth er nations. At this very moment U.S. troops are out on deployment in hundreds of nations across the globe fighting to bring peace and stop inhumane acts. On the surface level this may seem fine but in reality its not. In most of these countries our assistance is not wanted. Yet year after year we continue to send men and women in the line of fire. Putting U.S. troops in hostile, anti-American regions in which they become target practice for any half-baked terrorist out there. The Patriot Act also set aside billions upon billions of dollars into the defense budget. This money is all coming from us the taxpayers. It makes no sense to spend all that money on fighting wars that are not our own. There are many horrible things that go on everyday in this world. No one nation is responsible for correcting the wrongs of the planet. By sending in our people to try and fix things we only make problems worse. This country is in debt itself yet; in the midst of all this terrorism talk people seem to have forgotten this fact. There are so many other beneficial things, which that money could be used for. As a nation we are in debt trillions of dollars why not put money towards repaying that? Millions of people here are on welfare. Many are un-employed,Show MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continuation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definiti on of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On Terrorism And Terrorism944 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Terrorism â€Å"The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism,† (History of Terrorism). The history of terrorism is a long bloody road. One of the bloodiest of acts of terrorism in the early years, was the reign of terror. In which, the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 people. Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere

Inequality Between Men And Women - 1472 Words

Since the beginning of time there has been inequality between men and women. This can be traced back to the days when the men would and hunt and gather and the women would stay home and take on the homemaking such as taking care of the children, cooking, and cleaning the house. Until 1920 when women were finally allowed to vote, gender inequality was very apparent. More recently, gender inequality presents itself in the form of gender wage gaps. Although some argue women get paid the same wages as men, there are enormous amounts of evidence that proves this wage gap is definitely still present. The wage gap is noticeable to many, however, pin pointing the causes and solving them are not as easy as some might think. In order to actually understand this injustice, many factors must be taken into account to discover what is actually going on in society today and why this mistreatment is still happening. The only way to truly understand this problem and what steps should be taken to fix it takes research into what the main causes are and ways that it can be combatted. Although the wage gap between female and male pay is complicated and somewhat hard to understand, it can be summed up by just a few main causes. One of the main arguments as to what researchers say causes the gender wage gap is choice of occupation When a woman chooses a job as a nanny or waitress, she will get paid less than a male who chooses a job as a factory worker or an engineer. This cause is something womenShow MoreRelatedInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 Pages Inequality between Men and Women Trisha Stafford American Public University System Mrs. Decter Table of Contents Introduction 3 Defining â€Å"Social Problem† 3 Explaining Sociological Viewpoint 3 Chosen Social Problem Introduction 3 Thesis 3 Defining Sexism 3 Why is it a social problem? 3-4 Statistics 4 Identifying and Defining Four Concepts Related to Sexism 4-5 How is this problem being addressed? 5 Conclusion 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreInequality Between Men And Women1705 Words   |  7 Pages For generations, women and men have been held to different standards when it came to the work force and in recent years, the United States has began to see a breakthrough with these barriers starting to diminish. However, pay inequality still remains prevalent. Men and women working the same jobs are not receiving the same wages and that doesn’t make sense to majority of society. As of 2013, women are only making about 78% of what men make (Hill, 2015) and into 2015 we’re still hovering around theRead MoreThe Inequality B etween Men And Women1545 Words   |  7 Pagesspeech, the press, and religion. Even with these rights in the past the United States was still full of inequality, with African Americans and women not having the same rights as white men. After fighting for their rights these minority groups have gained many rights that our founding fathers probably never would predict they would have. Regardless of these rights gained there is still inequality in our country, even in the 21st century. The Constitution is made up of several amendments that have beenRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women921 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the history of mankind, women have not been in the workforce until recently. A woman s place has mainly been at the home, until only about sixty years ago. Women would take care of the children, cook, clean, care for the sick, and when needed, they would be extra labor around the farm. Women first started to work in large numbers during the industrial revolu tion, mainly in the textile industry. Since then, most women have gone into the workforce. Today a family cannot survive on theRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women1529 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, women have been treated differently than men. History teaches us that in the past, women could not own property, women could not vote and women were often denied the opportunity to work at paying jobs and were often expected to stay home to raise and care for their families. One would think that now in the year 2014, the inequality and inequity between men and women would be a thing of the past; something we would be learning about only in history. However, in today’s society, theRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women3322 Words   |  14 PagesFor generations, women and men have been held to different standards when it came to the work force and in recent years, the United States has began to see a breakthrough with these barriers starting to diminish. However, pay inequality still remains prevalent. Men and women working the same jobs are not receiving the same wages and that doesn’t make sense to majority of society. As of 2013, women are only making about 78% of what men make (Hill, 2015) and into 2015 we’re still hovering around theRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1765 Words   |  8 PagesInequalities between men and women are produced and reproduced in the family, the community, the market and the state. What is the role of mainstream social and economic institutions in tackling injustice and discrimination in society? Gender inequalities means the unequal treatment or perception of individual based on their gender (Wikipedia, 2010). It mainly comes up from the different gender based designed roles in a society. Gender inequality stems from distinction wether empirically groundedRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women2479 Words   |  10 Pagestaking notice of the inequality between men and women that has taken place in organizations for multiple years in history. Women are facing many challenges with trying to be viewed as equals among their male counterparts, but these challenges are nothing that a woman will be able to change on her own. The question is why is it so hard for gender diversity to be incorporated into the work place, but not only that is how can it actually being to make a difference for all women employees in every organizationRead MoreThe Structural Inequality Between Men And Women875 Words   |  4 Pagesbe talking about the structural inequality between men and women in a work place. I will argue that women should be able to excel and reach the same high management position as a man. Over several years, many industries have made significant changes in their work environment to achieve equality between genders. When looking back on what seems to be a societal norm, wage discrimination has always been in favour of men. A main issue in the workplace is that women are often separated into job categoriesRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1094 Words   |  5 PagesWomen always have to face the gender equality, in any country. There will always be some problem regarding the topic gender inequality between men and women was socially constructed and has existed for only about 6000 years (page no.293). From thousand years ago, the society characterised by patriarchy. A system in which power is in the hands of men and many aspects of women’s life controlled by men. However, 20th century started to change everything and we saw lots of change even now. Society began

The Mohawks of Akwesasne Free Essays

Due to its distinctive geographical location along the St. Lawrence River, which â€Å"serves as one of the natural division lines between Canada and the United States,† the Mohawks of Akwesasne have familiarized themselves to the media and the civic society. Some have called the Mohawks â€Å"the most stubborn Native Community in North America, not only for (their) enduring commitment to (their) Ancient Mohawk Territories and Resources, but also for the strong positions (they) maintain over the Aboriginal Rights of (their) Community and (their) Kahniakehaka (Mohawk) Nation† (Akwesasne para. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mohawks of Akwesasne or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1). Despite government intervention (or disturbance) on the affairs of the Mohawk community, they have remained unrelenting in upholding the honor of their indigenous tribe. The so-called â€Å"battle† for sustainability has been thriving for many decades now. Akwesasne and the Mohawks Akwesasne is the home of the Mohawk community.   Akwesasne borders the countries of Canada and the United States of America, the Candian Province of Ontario and Quebec; and the American State of New York (Akwesasne para. 2). Because of its location, the jurisdiction of this land is not determined until now. This confusion has caused problems for the 13,000 Mohawks living in Akwesasne, however, they have survived the struggle of adjusting to their jurisdictional condition over the years. As a result, this minority has managed to build solid and independent socio-economic endeavors for their people who are bestowed with many gifts, talents, knowledge, experience, and expertise in various fields of work and art. Over the past ten years, dynamic changes have provided this Mohawk community the opportunity to responsibly manage their Infrastructure, Health and Social Services, Judicial and Law Enforcement System, Environment and Conservation, and Housing and Economic Initiatives (Akwesasne para. 3). Akwesasne Community Profile The Mohawk Territory of Akwesasne is located within the Ancient Homelands of (its) Ancestor, which (their) People have occupied and used since time immemorial (Akwesasne para.7). The people are embedded with unexplainable affection to this area composed of approximately 26,000 acres in land mass (about fifty square miles in total area). Comprised of breathtaking islands, the Mohawk community is located within the glorious St. Lawrence River and mainland contained by the St. Lawrence River Valley. It can be found near major Canadian cities such as Ottawa, Ontario and Monteal, Quebec. There are four inhabited districts in the region including Kanatakon/St. Regis Village and Tsi Snaihe/Chenail Districts (within Quebec), Kawennoke/Cornwall Island District (within Ontario), and Tekaswenkarorens/Hogansburg District (within New York). History of Akwesasne and the Mohawks Akwesasne is Mohawk community that rightfully deserves the title, â€Å"First Nation† (Bonaparte para. 1). It used to be a â€Å"place of peace† which served as a safe haven from war for the early Mohawks and other indigenous peoples. Formerly the smallest Mohawk village, but today, Akwesasne is already the largest in terms of population and territory. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy considers Akwesasne the â€Å"capital† of the seven communities that make up the Mohawk Nation (Bonaparte, para 1). The term Mohawk can be literally translated as â€Å"place of partridges† since thousands of a species of game bird are surrounding the shores of the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries.   The first Mohawks and natives of Akwesasne engaged in hunting, fishing, and trading. A certain group by the name â€Å"St. Lawrence Iroquoians† (their identity is still debatable) was believed to have built pillars of â€Å"longhouse villages found in the rich soil of the St. Lawrence River Valley.† According to artifacts, â€Å"St. Lawrence Iroquoians† were captured and hid in a village called Hochelaga which was considered as one with the Mohawk community. Wars followed and the Mohawks fought against the tribes, Hurons and Algonquins, who were under French control during that time. In time more than half of the Mohawk population (which had already been weakened by epidemics and war) migrated to the village on the south bank of the St. Lawrence near the Lachine Rapids (Bonaparte para. 5). They formed a new community which they called Kahnawake (at the rapids) where the Hurons, Algonquins, and other Iroquois converts (converted by the Jesuits) from Oneida and Onondaga united with them. Bonaparte’s study also focused and expounded on the â€Å"Seven Nations of Canada† as stated: In time the population of these villages grew so large that new ones were established. By the 1750’s these villages eventually united in an alliance that Mohawks knew as Tsiata Nihononwentsiake, also known as the Seven Nations of Canada, the Seven Fires, and the Seven Villages. When this union was formalized, it consisted of the Mohawks of Kahnawake (Caughnawaga); the Mohawks, Algonquins, and Nippissings of Kanesatake (Oka); the Abenakis of Odanak (St. Francis) in what is now southern Quebec; the Hurons of Wendake (Lorette), just west of Quebec City; and the Iroquois (mostly Oneidas and Onondagas) of Sawehkatsi (Oswegatchie), site of present-day Ogdensburg, New York. Even though as many as twenty-two different nations were represented at these new settlements by the early 1700’s, they were nevertheless able to maintain a distinct cultural identification as Huron, Algonquin, and Iroquois communities in their own right (para. 6). The cultural model of this new confederacy was the Rotinonsionni (â€Å"People of the Longhouse,†) also known as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Five Nations, the Six Nations, and the League of the Iroquois (Bonaparte para. 7). Despite strong Jesuit influence over the Mohawks, they have remained a strong clan and have maintained their cultural practices and customs. Relations between the Seven Nations of Canada and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy during the last decades of the 18th century were contentious thanks to the mad rush of land sales and treaty negotiations that stirred up old animosities and disputes over territory (Bonaparte para. 21). At this time, war broke out causing so much suffering for the people of Akwesasne. Many colonizers tried to change the traditional system of the Mohawks but they remained firm and have shunned away these invaders. The last decade of the 19th century saw drastic changes in the political landscape of Akwesasne and the other Mohawk communities, who were still governed by the old â€Å"life chiefs† (Bonaparte para. 22). Non-native governments tried to implement a new electoral system but these were rejected by the Mohawks to the extent of causing trouble. The life chiefs were punished; however, they did not give up hoping that the traditional election would be restored. In spite of these affronts to Mohawk cultural and political sovereignty, the last half of the 19th century witnessed a cultural renaissance of sorts at Akwesasne and her fellow Mohawk communities (Bonaparte para. 23). This includes the emergence of native products such as Mohawk baskets, beadwork, snowshoes, cradleboards, and the rise of their high-steel construction industry, which gave occupation to the Mohawks. Throughout the early 20th century the identification of the Mohawk communities with the banner of the Seven Nations of Canada began to wane in favor of that of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, viewed by many as older and purer of the two since it originated long before European contact (Bonaparte para. 25). In the early part of the 20th century, the Mohawks engaged in exporting liquor from Canada to the United States, which was not as open as the past centuries because of controlled legislations on liquor transportation. Throughout the last decades of the 20th century, Akwesasne continued to feel the long-term effects of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Bonaparte para.33). The agricultural and fishing industry weakened so the Mohawks were forced to seek greener pastures by working in factories and establishments in big cities in New York. Cultural issues conflicted with this economic stabilization. Mohawks, who moved away from Akwesasne, felt estrangement and have adapted non-Mohawk practices. Present Situation of the Mohawks Currently, commercialization and expansion of the Mohawks have become prevalent and have changed the lives of these indigenous people in one way or another. Their rich history and cultural heritage may be taken for granted by some but historians and anthropologists who have studied this unique tribe continue to hope that the difference it has made in this world would be appreciated by present-day societies. The remaining Mohawk community is still active though in promoting and maintaining the culture they have always been accustomed to, which is making them a stronger nation. Works Cited Bonaparte, D. n.d. The History of Akwesasane from Pre-Contact to Modern Times. 3 July 2007 http://www.wampumchronicles.com/history.html. How to cite The Mohawks of Akwesasne, Essay examples

How People from Different Backgrounds free essay sample

Next stage at the age of 1 they will try to stand holding things, try to walk hol. 3 ding parents hands and finally they reaches a stage of succession where they can walk independently. Rate of Development it’s a quantity of something in comparison with a unit of another thing. Rate of development varies child to child. Each and every child has a different rate of development. They follow more or less the same pattern of rate of development. For example: Some babies start teething from 6 months and some of them start even at 9 months some babies can start making sentences at around 1 but in some case at the age of 1 and they only can speak few broken words. Importance of differences is that sequential development is the sequence of development this means that you must finish with one of area of development before you move on to the next one. We will write a custom essay sample on How People from Different Backgrounds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rate of development is the pace that a child develops, these can be the pace within each sequence or the pace overall and goes to cover all the set areas or period in between or altogether in the sequence. These principals run through all the areas of development from physical, social, intellectual and language no matter what the age of the child. If at all one is skipped or is slow it can be a cause for concern and may lead to a child being given a special recommendation or having a special need in or outside school.

Freedom of Media free essay sample

Freedom of the press and journalistic ethics is an important topic today in India — with the word ‘press encompassing the electronic media also. There should be a serious discussion on the topic. That discussion should include issues of the responsibilities of the press, since the media have become very prominent and very powerful. In India, freedom of the press has been treated as part of the freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, vide Brij Bhushan and Another vs. The State of Delhi, AIR 1950 SC 129 and Sakal Papers (P) Ltd vs. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 305, among others. However, as mentioned in Article 19(2), reasonable restrictions can be placed on this right, in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. Hence, freedom of the media is not an absolute freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom of Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The importance of the freedom of the press lies in the fact that for most citizens the prospect of personal familiarity with newsworthy events is unrealistic. In seeking out news, the media therefore act for the public at large. It is the means by which people receive free flow of information and ideas, which is essential to intelligent self-governance, that is, democracy. For a proper functioning of democracy it is essential that citizens are kept informed about news from various parts of the country and even abroad, because only then can they form rational opinions. A citizen surely cannot be expected personally to gather news to enable him or her to form such opinions. Hence, the media play an important role in a democracy and serve as an agency of the people to gather news for them. It is for this reason that freedom of the press has been emphasised in all democratic countries, while it was not permitted in feudal or totalitarian regimes. In India, the media have played a historical role Ripples and dominoes, that is the order of the world today†¦ Everything is nterconnected and interdependent, an incident anywhere in the world can have adverse consequences anywhere else, our economies, our social structure, the very ideas and beliefs we use to identify ourselves are part of a functional global village. And THAT, is the reason why, in our interconnected world, it isn’t diamonds and jewels that are most valuable†¦ its ‘information. ’ We seek information, awareness, and most importantly, a semblance of ‘truthà ¢â‚¬â„¢ about the things we face daily. Luckily for us, we have a way that provides us all that, something we collectively call ‘the media’. But, unluckily, as with most things of value, it is prone to exploitation. By the marketers and PR managers working for the commercialist culture or even the governments that like to ‘control’ public viewpoint by being spoon-fed their own political or commercial agendas. To inform the consciences of millions of individuals and help shape their thinking can never really be a ‘neutral’ task. It requires a determination of media owners, editors and journalists to discharge their duties in a manner that balances commercial imperatives, human rights, social responsibility and national vision. It is unfortunate and disheartening that our media is notorious for processing and filtering the actual truth in many events, creating a distorted reflection that condenses innuendo, gossip, lies, rumors, speculations and suspicions into a form of entertainment, character assassination, scandal or simply packaged as a commercial product that deceives us and we don’t ever even suspect. It’s ironic that all this is being done by the media which is fully aware of its constitutional responsibility as a guardian of democracy and watchdog of the people. In the 21st century, media has evolved into an institution with overwhelming power†¦ the power to shape entire generations’ viewpoints.

The Netherlands Sarah (50th) Birthday Tradition

The Netherlands' Sarah (50th) Birthday Tradition When you celebrate your 50th birthday, some might see you as being over the hill. In contrast, the Sarah tradition in the Netherlands honors a woman gaining wisdom through experience. It is a milestone birthday that many look forward to. Many consider it a cause to have a huge party. Origin of the Sarah Birthday A tradition that hails from the Netherlands, the Sarah birthday is celebrated when a woman turns 50 and becomes a Sarah.  It means that shes old enough and wise enough to have seen Sarah, the biblical figure and wife of Abraham. Likewise, when a man turns 50, he is an Abraham, old enough to have seen Abraham. This tradition is taken from the Bible, particularly  John 8: 56-58. In this passage, Jesus is asked how he could have seen Abraham if he hadnt yet reached fifty. He surprised the inquisitive Jews by saying,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Truly,  truly, I say to you,  before Abraham was, I am.† Besides being Abrahams wife and a natural companion for seeing Abraham, Sarah is revered for having a baby at an older age. In Genesis 18:10-12, the Bible tells the story of her giving birth well past her childbearing years. Dutch Traditions for a Sarah Birthday The Dutch took this Bible passage and turned it into a longstanding tradition. A persons fiftieth birthday is seen as a great occasion, and there is typically a large party to celebrate. One of the best-known and visible parts of a Sarah birthday is placing a life-sized doll in the front yard of the person whos turning 50. It often appears overnight and is dressed and decorated by her family to represent her life and interests. Men have Abraham dolls appear, often dressed according to their occupation. Over the years, these dolls were similar to scarecrows people decorate their porches with on Halloween: simple, folksy human-sized figures sitting in a chair. In recent years, however, its not unusual to see giant inflatable Sarahs and Abrahams in yards. Some of these even reach heights that can rival the home itself. These dolls are often accompanied by a sign saying, Sara 50 jaar† or Abraham 50 jaar.†Ã‚  Jaar oud is Dutch for years old. It doesnt mean that someone named Sarah or Abraham lives there, just that someones celebrating their 50th birthday. Beyond the yard dolls, Sarahs may receive visitors dressed up as Sarahs with costumes and masks. Its also common to bake a Sarah cake, bread, or cookie in the shape of a female figure. Beyond the 50th Birthday The Dutch have taken this a step further and assigned a couple to each decade of a persons life after 50. At 60, you will have an Isaac or Elisabeth birthday.At 70, you will celebrate a Jacob or Anna birthday.At 80, its time for a Joseph or Deborah birthday.At 90, the party is all about Anthony or Ruth.If you are lucky to hit 100 years old, you have a Methusalem or Judith birthday to look forward to.

The Warmth of Other Suns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Warmth of Other Suns - Essay Example Trotter writes about the closeness of Isabel Wilkerson to the subject and her deep involvement in the stories which provide a new understanding as to why the Southerners opted for the new life in the strife-torn cities far away from their homes. The book contains more than one thousand two hundred real life stories of trials and tribulations of black individuals, the untold stories of American history. Gene Dattel in the review of the book discusses this serious issue from a slightly different perspective. He quotes from the book, â€Å"We’re the ones that killing ourselves.† (493)When about six million black people migrated to the North, it created a national level problem, not the regional one. The picture was not rosy for the migrants. Many of the top black leaders were disappointed by the attitude of blacks and their involvement in the dark sides of life. According to the observation of Ida Mae Bandon Gladney, one of the migrants to the North, â€Å"Chicago’s black ghetto had become a cesspool of crime, drugs and dilapidated neighborhoods. It was also Chicago that frustrated Dr. Martin King Jr.’s attempt to bring the civil rights movement to the North in 1966.† The author advocates introspection for the blacks and opines that they are in a way responsible for their plight. The book connects well to the volatile social conditions in America, of the 1960s and throws light on the tensions within the relationship of blacks and whites. But the author is unable to provide tangible solutions to the century old problems confronting the blacks, though they get full legal protection under the American

A Health Promotion For Older Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Health Promotion For Older Adults - Essay Example The growing number of Americans is s common founded information. For example in 2010, 40.2 million older adults (65 plus years) represented the American populace. It is approximated that by 2050 there will be more than 88.5 million older adults, twice the number in 2010. This has been treated as strange in America because the older adults have outnumbered the teenagers. Additionally, the majority of the middle aged couples have an alive parent compared to their children (three to four parents compared to just two children Markson, 2003, p.10). Relationship of race, ethnicity, and culture on health status, health belief, help-seeking behaviors, health practice (i.e., traditional and non-traditional medicine), and health outcomesThe number of American adults of 65 years and above will be more than a twofold close to 71 million by 2030. The quickly escalating number of elderly Americans has far-reaching repercussions for the country's public health structure and will bring unmatched req uirements on the conditions on the healthcare and age related-services. Public health attempts to advance health and serviceable autonomous critical strategies in assisting older people to remain healthy. According to studies, poor health does not have to be expected outcomes of aging. Elderly adults who exercise health behaviors, fully utilize clinical preventive services, and continually engage with family and friends are most likely to stay healthy, live independently and attract less health-related costs.

Philosophy of the Italian American Mafia

Philosophy of the Italian American Mafia The Italian mafia came to power in America in the 1920s from Sicily, Italy (Staff). It became known as organized crime (also known as the Mob) and became centered in New York City, divided among five major crime families, which included nineteen additional family units around the country (Jrank). The five major families were the Bonnano, Columbo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese families who were organized through the efforts of Salvatore Charles (Lucky) Luciano. (Jrank). This was the beginning of the very powerful counterculture American crime syndicate. A counterculture is a subcultural practice, which is consciously intended to challenge the values of the larger society, rejecting the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society, and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). From a sociological perspective, which is a look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions, Lucky Lucianas special contribution to the success of the mafia depended on his running the show like a legitimate business, based on profit and loss capitalism as a board of directors would be run by a CEO (Thomas 4). One major difference, however, was that Luciano, as the CEO, conducted business as an absolute dictator who saw no limitations on taking down oppositional viewpoints through violence. It was like an inner government within the larger society that had factions within (like political parties, in this case opposing families) that conducted wars against each other. Sociological Imagination as defined by C. Wright Mills is the ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life. It is also the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote [topics] to the most intimate features of the human self-and to see the relations between the two (Thomas 5). Luciano started out his career in a legitimate business as a clerk for a hat company around 1914. But by 1916, he was dealing with drugs and had his major run-in with the law, which earned him six months at a reformatory for that crime (Editors). From that time on, Luciano got involved with other questionable businesses such as bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, loan sharking (charging very high interest rates), drug distribution as a natural extension of bootlegging, and labor racketeering (Jrank, 2/5). All of these enterprises had certain small levels of legitimacy but always ended up tinged with major levels of criminality, illegal operations, and various deviant l egal practices. Luciano and his fellow colleagues saw no conflicts in carrying out these controversial businesses with an iron hand and with few moral and ethical considerations. Ethnocentrism is defined by W. LaVerne Thomas as the tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior. In addition, it is the belief that the characteristics of ones group or society are right and good, helping to build group unity. (Thomas, 35). This kind of situation was a very dominant characteristic of the American mafia organization in its heyday. It was initiated from Sicilian culture in Italy, and nearly all the bosses and godfathers who led the family organizations had roots in Italian culture that came from Sicily. The New York mafia was dominated by New Yorks five major families previously mentioned, along with other more minor Italian families with names like Profaci, Gagliano, Mangano, Marazano, and Masseria. (Bio, 2/4). The only way to move up in the organization of the New York mafia was to be geographically located in the New York City area and be of Italian (preferably Sicilian) heritage. There were major exceptions to the Italian rule, however, most notably Lu cky Lucianos most trusted and important Jewish friends and allies from his youth-Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Bugsy Siegel. (Bio, 1/4). Nevertheless, neither of those two non-Italians was ever able to climb to the very top of the leadership of the mafia organization or lead one of the major or minor Sicilian crime families. There were also other ethnic communities that competed with the American Italian mafia-primarily the Irish, Russians, and Polish organizations. Thomas defines Cultural relativism as an attitude in which there is a belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture. In other words, it is the attempt to understand cultural practices from the points of view of the members of the society being studied, (Thomas, 36), In the case of the American mafia that was based on Sicilian origins; this means that ethics and morality came from a culture that is male-dominant, sexist, and machismo. There was always a defined code: It was a mixture of ethics, friendship, family, property, and lifestyle intermixed with violence, corruption, trust, faith, and a certain sense of honor. (Gambetta). The family always came first with a strong sense of loyalty. It was run as a real true government, but a clandestine one that was better obeyed and even better understood. (Reppetto) I cannot say that I agree with the basic philosophy of the Italian American mafia as described in this paper as an example of a good countercultural philosophy. Although they seem to have an organized structure that imitates the structure of our overall American government and society working within a capitalistic for-profit basis, what it is definitely missing at its core is a reasonable moral and ethical code based on democratic principles. They are totalitarian in nature, prone to violence against the poor and less powerful, and definitely ethnocentric, sexist, and out primarily for their own good. They do not care for the needs of the common man, only themselves. This is how they basically keep themselves in control and have power over everyone else. This is how they try to be above the common laws and liberties of the land. Their very existence flies in the face of the US Constitution. Even after Lucky Luciano was in prison at the tail end of his career, he tried to offer the US help in the war effort during World War II by using his criminal connections in Italy to advance the Allies cause. (Bio) This effort, of course, was rejected by the US government, but it certainly showed how Lucianos ethics and moral base was constantly challenged and off base. Even later than that, after Lucky Luciano was deported to Italy, never to return to the US legally, he traveled to Cuba where he was also later deported back to Italy because of criminal activity, where he remained under surveillance and not allowed to leave Naples. He was still involved with drug trafficking at that time until his death at a Naples Airport in January of 1962. Ironically, he was on his way to meet with a film and television producer who was going to make a movie about his life as an infamous hero/villain of the 20th century. In my opinion, Lucky Luciano is certainly more than a footnote of history, but he and the mafia are definitely not proud examples of a morally acceptable counterculture lifestyle. Works Cited Editors, Biography.com. The biography.com website. 15 June 2015. 9 march 2017. Gambetta, D. The Sicilian Mafia. 1993. Harvard University Press. Jrank, law. law.jrank.org. 2015. 10 march 2017. Reppetto, T. American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power. Kindle. Staff, history.com. history.com. 2009. 9 march 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Cultural Diversity. Holt, Rinehart, Winston. Holt Sociology The study of Human Relationships. Austin: A Harcourt Education Company , 2003. 39.

Professional Development of Nurses Essay

In 2008, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) partnered with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) to form an initiative on the future of nursing. The RWJF is an independent organization that focuses on healthcare innovations and programs such as childhood obesity, health coverage, and public health. The IOM is a non-government resource that assists the government and private agencies in making informed decisions about healthcare issues (â€Å"ISNA bulletin,† 2011, p. 11). This 2 year study focused on the current state of healthcare, specifically nursing, and provided recommendations to improve the nursing profession and enhance the infrastructure of healthcare. Key points were safety, technology, and interdisciplinary collaboration of practice. The study focused on nursing education, practice, and nursing’s role of leadership (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine [RWJF], 2011). The focus on education was primarily driven to advance the educational system and to further advance nursing care in the changing face of healthcare reforms. The study showed that nurses have a significant impact in healthcare, with more than 3 million members; they are posed to generate a large role in the reform of the healthcare system (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine [RWJF], 2011). The IOM strives to achieve higher levels of education through improved educational systems. Nurses are encouraged to practice to the full extent of their education and training. The IOM initiative is promoting removal of the barriers that are in place regarding scopes of practice for advanced practice nurses and to standardize the scope of practice delineations across state lines. The report recommends support of nursing education and programs expanded to graduate more upper level nurses who will then focus on becoming educators. The goal of the IOM is to have 80% more baccalaureate prepared nurses by 2020. By increasing the number of nursing programs that are now in place and changing those from purely traditional learning to a hybrid of traditional and innovative or online programs more nurses will graduate with higher degrees. Intensifying the traditional curriculum to include interprofessional collaboration, communication, and systems thinking helps to encourage higher level thinking and superior leadership skills. Additionally encouraging nurses to engage in lifelong learning to retain and renew competencies is very important; the competencies should be relative to the knowledge, experience, and practice of the nurse. Another part of the education process is the implementation of nurse residency programs. These programs are important because it takes time and experience for a nurse to become fully prepared to be functional in the acute care setting and these new opportunities will encourage the nurses to stay at the institution. This IOM report has a tremendous impact on nursing practice, particularly in primary care with the focus being on increasing nursing education to provide higher quality care for the patients. Keeping up with facility and national competencies is important to ensure that the nurse’s practice is up to date and current. Improved technology also increases the nurse’s efficiency and the amount of time that the nurse is able to spend with their patients. Additionally, this helps with the education of the patient because when the nurse is able to spend more time with the patient more effective teaching is done. Patient safety is one of the most important parts of nu rsing and by utilizing education as well as technology nurses are able to prevent critical errors and maintain patient safety more effectively. With the new Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) traditional healthcare is evolving to patient centered care delivered in the community rather than in the acute care setting. Advanced practice nurses will have a bigger â€Å"voice† in the community and an enormous impact on healthcare. This will impact me in my nursing facility because as I am better educated and up to date on my competencies, my patients are safer, I am utilizing the most recent technology in caring for them, and therefore providing them the best and safest care. The IOM report is describing an ideal world where nurses are significant as leaders, in a partnership with physicians and other healthcare professionals, in redesigning the healthcare system. To accomplish this reform, nurses must be educated as leaders by focusing on communication, professionalism, interprofessional collaboration and decision making (â€Å"ISNA bulletin,† 2011, p. 12). The nurse should be actively involved in identifying problems, collaborating with the physicians to seek solutions, and be committed to providing safe and effective healthcare to the patients and community. Leadership also plays an active role in policy making, institutional model development, and improving work processes. Nurses, with their backgrounds in patient care, have a unique understanding of patient well-being, institutional policies, and flow of the healthcare team which helps them to be on the forefront of change. In closing, the IOM report is a detailed description of recommendations that describe how nurses can and should be actively participating in the healthcare reform. It is time for a change and nurses have the opportunity and responsibility to participate in these transformational changes. Education, leadership, changes in nursing practice, and collaboration of the healthcare team are the keys to change. References Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine. (2011). Institute of Medicine. [Article]. Retrieved from http://iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing/Future%20o Fights, S. D. (2012, March/April). Nurses Lead From Where We Stand: How Can You Impact the Future Of Nursing? [Article]. MEDSURG Nursing, 21(2), 57-58. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=74576360&site=eds-live&scope=siteâ€Å">Nurses Lead from Where We Stand: How Can You Impact the Future of Nursing? IOM Report on the Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. [Journal article]. (2011, January 11). Med-Surg Matters, 1, 3. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010978901&site=eds-live&scope=site†>IOM Report on the Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Visioning the future of nursing: analysis of the IOM/RWJ foundation report [independent study]. (2011, august, September, October). Indiana State

Aed 200/Students Rights and Teacher Responsiblities Essay

If a student is harmed because the teacher was unable to foresee the threat, then the teacher can be held accountable. Also if a student is harmed because the teacher failed to pay attention to entire class, the teacher can be held accountable. A teacher’s responsibilities influence students’ rights because a students’ rights must be limited to maintain student safety on a field trip. One example may be implementation of a dress code specifically for field trips. A teacher may require all students wear red shirts. This would help the teacher keep all students together. A student may feel like the teacher is violating his or her rights to wear what he or she chooses; however, the teacher is simply exercising caution. This is the responsibility of a teacher. As a teacher, I will have many responsibilities. One responsibility is that I should seek to achieve the highest standards in my work. The status of my profession depends directly on teachers. I will have a responsibility to follow a code of ethics and code of conduct. Students must follow these codes, and as an educator, I will also. Another responsibility I will have as a teacher is to ensure the safety of my students. I will have many other responsibilities above and beyond those mentioned. Like responsibilities, I will also have rights as a teacher. I will have the right to exercise all civil rights enjoyed by other citizens. As a teacher, I will have the right to be human and make mistakes. I will have the right to expect an appropriate of respect from students. I will have many more rights as a teacher, along with those I mentioned. Some responsibilities I have may influence the rights of some students. For example, it is my responsibility to ensure the safety of my students in my classroom. If there is a safety concern with a student, it is my responsibility to remove that student, or have that student removed, from the class and discipline accordingly. This would influence this students’ rights. In a situation such as this, it is extremely fair and acceptable to infringe on this students’ rights. As a teacher, I must put the safety of my students first. If there is a major safety concern with a student, no other students will be capable of learning until the situation is resolved. One personal example of teachers’ responsibilities limiting a student’s rights involved my oldest daughter. She was attending a field trip to a local library and then to the park for lunch and playtime. I was not allowed to ride the bus, so I followed behind in my personal vehicle. We arrived at the library, completed our walk through and story time and was getting ready to leave. At this time, my daughter, who was five, wanted to ride with me to the park, not on the bus. The teacher had a responsibility to ensure that my daughter was safely returned to the school, therefore prohibiting me from taking her in my vehicle. We then arrived at the park, we ate lunch, played, and it was then time to return to school. At this time, my daughter again was in tears, wanting to ride with me. Again, the teacher explained her responsibilities, which prohibited my daughter from returning to school in my vehicle. This is an example of teachers’ responsibilities influencing a student’s rights. One example of a students’ rights overriding a teachers’ responsibility would be of a special needs child. Fairly recent changes in special education laws require that more and more students be placed in regular classrooms. These special needs students’ have a right to be graded, in these normal classes, according to their Individual Education Plan (IEP). This right would override a teachers’ responsibility of being fair and treating all children equal. This teacher may have to give lenience to the special needs child and not to the other students. Many students’ rights and teachers’ responsibilities work directly with each other. However, some work for and some work against each other. As a teacher, I must be able to make the best moral decision based on both my responsibilities as well as my rights, while at the same time, respecting the rights of my students. Respect, from both sides, and open communication is key in fulfilling the rights and responsibilities of both parties.

Examining the advantages of ratio analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3360 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The term ratios is use to explain relationship connecting figures on a balance sheet, in profit and loss account, budgetary control system or any other part of accounting organization. Accounting ratios as a result shows the relationship between financial data. The analysis is very important role in measuring the performance of the business. These ratios are carried out from the Income statement and balance sheet. Several parties including management, investors and Government are involved in these ratios. The function of analysis is to measure the performance of the company and financial health of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining the advantages of ratio analysis" essay for you Create order Advantages Ratio is an important role and old technique of the financial analysis. There are the following advantages Simplify the financial statements: It is simplifies the concept of financial statements. Ratio let know the complete story of changing in the financial situation of the business Facilitate inter-firm comparison: It is providing data for inter the firm estimate. Ratios highlight the factors of related with successful and unsuccessful firm. They have also told strong firms and weak firms, overrated and undervalue firms. Helps in planning: It is help in planning and forecasting. Ratio can be support management in it basic function of forecasting for planning, organizing, controlling and communication. Makes inter-firm comparison possible: Analyses can also the possible relationship to the performance varied division of the firm. Ratio is helpful in decide about their efficiency or else in the past and liable performance in the future. Limitations of Ratios Analysis The ratio analysis is the tools of financial management. Ratios are easily to calculate and easy to understand, they bear from serious limitations. Ratio is based only the information which have been recorded in the statements. Financial statements are subject to several limitations. These ratio derived, there from, are also subject to persons limitations. Comparative study required: Ratios are useful in judging the efficiency of the business only when they are compared with past results of the business. However, such a comparison only provide glimpse of the past performance and forecasts for future may not prove correct since several other factors like market conditions, management policies, etc. may affect the future operations. Ratios alone are not adequate. Ratios are only indicators; they cannot be taken as final regarding good or bad financial position of the business. Other things have also to be seen. Problems of price level changes: A change in price level can affect the validity of ratios are calculated for different time periods. In such a case the ratio analysis may not clearly indicate the trend in solvency and profitability of the company. The financial statements, therefore, be adjusted keeping in view the price level changes if a meaningful comparison is to be made through accounting ratios. Lack of adequate standard: No fixed standard can be laid down for ideal ratios. There are no well accepted standards or rule of thumb for all ratios which can be accepted as norm. It renders interpretation of the ratios difficult. Limited use of single ratios: A single ratio, usually, does not convey much of a sense. To make a better interpretation, a number of ratios have to be calculated which is likely to confuse the analyst than help him in making any good decision. Personal bias: Ratios are only means of financial analysis and not an end in itself. Ratios have to interpret and different people may interpret the same ratio in different way. Incomparable: Not only industries differ in their nature, but also the firms of the similar business widely differ in their size and accounting procedures etc. It makes comparison of ratios difficult and misleading. Current ratio Current Ratio is an indicator of the capability of the firms to pay their current liability by converting current assets. It is also known as liquidity ratio or cash asset ratio and also the cash ratio. It is calculated by dividing current assets with current liabilities. High figures mean that textile mills have the capacity to pay its current liability. Acceptable figures vary, depending upon the type of business.   Generally, more than one is acceptable. Smaller value shows that company has not enough current assets to discharge its current liabilities. The current ratio of one means shows that the current assets are equal to current liabilities. Less than one means that company has more current liabilities and less current assets, which is a sign of concern in some cases. We have compiled the current ratio of Nisht textile mills of Pakistan and found the mean of current ratio is more than 1.00 in three years in 2005 to 2007 but in 2008 and 2009 current ratio mean is less then 1 It is alarming that the Nishat Mill has more risky in 2008 and 2009. However, Kohinoor mill also found the mean of ratio is more then 1 in 2005 to 2008 but in 2009 downward trend 0.75 in 2009.   Current ratio of Gull Ahmed shows downward trend 1.05 in 2005 and 0.9 in 2008, in 2009 shows some improvement .05 as compare to 2008.Fazal and shams also decrease trend 1.14, 1.49 in 2005 and 0.82, 0.73 in 2009 . Ratio table depicts that there is no improvement in 2009 and if it continues, there is a probability that in coming years situation of the textile mill will not be improve. However, mells can check their position by comparing with the average of the other textile mill. For example, this table shows that 25% mills have current ratio more than 1.00. It reflects that there are certain mills which have more current assets than current liabilities.   Current Ratio= Current assets   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Current liabilities Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 1.24 1.38 1.74 0.73 0.86 Kohinoor Mill 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.06 0.75 Gul Ahmed Mill 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.95 Fazal Mill 1.14 1.17 1.03 1.1 0.82 Shams Mill 1.49 0.92 1.06 0.84 0.73 Return on assets Return on Assets (ROA) is an indicator which tells about the efficiency of firm in using the assets. It is calculated by dividing the annual earning of the company with total assets, shown as percentage. Return on assets =   Net earning X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 8.51% 3.05% 4.25% 14.54% 4.02% Kohinoor Mill 1% 2.62% -0.27% -0.02% -3.72% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.73% -0.77% 3.62% 1.96% 1.37% Fazal Mill 0.02% 0.03% -0.01% 0% 0.01% Shams Mill 6.38% 2.47% 10.06% -2.33% -5.09% This ratio is also an indicator of money earned by a textile mills against each dollar invested. There is an understood variation in the number, since it is highly related to capital investment. Textile mills are capital intensive sectors and these figures should be compared with another capital intensive sector. Ratio table shows that mean of the return on asset is Nishat textile mill -8.5 in 2005 and -4.02%, in 2009 which is quite alarming. And the other Kohinoor textile mills is the retorn on asset 1.00 in 2005 and -3.72 decrease in 2009. Gross profit margin Profit maximization is one of the core functions of commercial firms. Gross profit is a difference of net sale and COGS. It shows how well the operation is generating revenue. Gross profit margin =Gross profit X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 18.77% 17.76% 16.56% 14.35% 18.23% Kohinoor Mill 14.26% 14.8% 14.64% 15.36% 14.89% Gul Ahmed Mill 16.39% 15.64% 14.98% 15.14% 16.81% Fazal Mill 9.88% 8.66% 5.35% 5.72% 7.82% Shams Mill 13.42% 9.56% 5.09% 5.63% 5.08% Ratio table shows that Nishat textile mills of Pakistan could have only 18.77% and 18.23% gross profit margin in 2005 and 2009 respectively. Although Nishat textile mill earned loss, the percentage was too small, and profits earned were minimal. However, majority of the mills did not report any loss in operations. Ratio table shows that Kohinoor textile mills of Pakistan could have only 14.26% and 14.89% gross profit margin in 2005 and 2009 respectively. Although Kohinoor textile mill earned profit, the percentage was too small they will be earned a profit is mini mum in 2009. The gross profit ratio is show in the gul ahmed textile mills of Pakistan is the rat6io of 16.39% in 2005 and they will be a profit is minimum in 16.81% in 2009 and they earned a profit is to short in the financial year 2009 could have minimum gross profit in 2005 to 2009. Then the other to mills of Fazal and Shams is the ratio of gross profit is in 9.88% , 13.42% in 2005and they will be a loss in 2009. In 2009 is the ratio of mills is7.82% , 5.08% is a loss in an operation and they will be very decrees in 2009 Operating profit margin Operating Profit Margin (OPM) is also called operating margin, operating income margin or return on sales (ROS). It is calculated by dividing operating profit with net sale usually presented in percentage. It shows the efficiency of the firm in generating profits from its operations. Difference between gross profit and operating profit provides information about the over head expenses in total cost. Operating profit margin = Operating profit X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 17.58% 12.1% 12.03% 36.08% 12.6% Kohinoor Mill 6.83% 11.63% 8.06% 13.4% 8.55% Gul Ahmed Mill 6.63% 7.27% 7.56% 7.98% 8.69% Fazal Mill 7.28% 6.19% 3.41% 3.94% 5.99% Shams Mill 9.65% 6.47% 1.96% 1.16% 0.2% Operating profit ratio of Nishat millis 17.58% in 2005and decrees 12.03% in 2007 then the Ratio is very higher in 36.08% in 2008 and they will be profit margin but in 2009 the ratio is not stable in 2009 and they will be very low ( decrees) in 12.6% in 2009. It show the table has also be a profit is very low which compeer in 2008/ depicts that 25% firms have -3% loss, however, more than 50% firms have Positive . However the Kohinoor mill is operating profit is 6.83%in 2005 they will be increase in the 11.63% in 2006.then 2007 is the profit is decrees in 8.06% is very low which comer5 to 2006. And 13.4% in increase the profit ratio in which combination of 2007.kohinoor mill in 2009 is to short a loss in 8.55% , which is campier in 2008 is very high the ratio., ktml mills of Pakistan have earned the profit in 2008 and bear the loss in 2009 financial period. Gull ahmed textile mill Ratio 6.63% in 2005,and they will be increase year by year in minimum and the profit in 8.69% in 2009.the operating profit and net sale is h higher than the 2005 period year. Fazal and Shams textile mills are the 7.28% , 9.65% in 2005 the operating profit is decrees by the 5.99% , 0.2% is very low in the combination of year 2005 Net Profit Margin . Net Profit Margin=   Net Profit X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 16.41% 9.8% 7.05% 29.9% 5.31% Kohinoor Mill 1.89% 4.32% -0.56% -0.05% -5.2% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.29% -0.42% 1.67% 0.88% 0.58% Fazal Mill 2.48% 2.39% -0.9% 0.41% 0.89% Shams Mill 7.2% 2.66% 8.64% -1.75% -3.09% In 2005, Nishat textile mills of Pakistan reported 16.41 % and in 2009 operating profit margin became 5.31%.that ratio is to the bear loss in for the period of financial year. Return on equity Equity is the money invested by the shareholders for profit. This ratio indicates the firms ability to earn against the investment. It is also called return on average common equity, return on net worth, and return on ordinary shareholders funds. Return on Equity=   Net Income after tax   X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Net equity   Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 14.58% 7.92% 5.58% 22.11% 6.55% Kohinoor Mill 2.33% 6.33% -0.66% -0.09% -15.33% Gul Ahmed Mill 3.4% -1.51% 6.62% 3.79% 2.73% Fazal Mill 0.06% 0.07% -0.03% 0.01% 0.03% Shams Mill 19.6% 7.69% 27.86% -6.99% -19.5% Nishat textile mills of Pakistan have only 14.58 % ROE in 2005 than will be decrees in 7.92% , 5.58% in 2006 and 2007 other 22.11% in 2008 the equity ratio is increase in 2008 and 6.55% decrees in 2009. Kohinoor mill is the equity of 2.33% in 2005 and increase in the share holders equity 6.33% in 2006 but next year is share holder equity is less than 1.00 funds of -.66% , -.09% , -15.33% ins decrees in 2007 to 2009. Company founds is very low in last year. Ktm mill is equity 2.33% in 2005 and increase in 6.33% 2006 but the ROE is less 1.00 of share holder equity -0.66% , -0.09% , -15.33% in decrees the share holder equity in 2007 to 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill ROE is 3.4% in 2005 and decrees in share holder equity -1.51% in 2006. And 6.62% increase the equity of 2007 but 3.79% , 2.73% decrees in 2008 to 2009. Fazal mill ROE is .06% , .07% in 2005 to 2006 but decrees in equity -0.03% in 2007. Fazal mill increase in 0.01% , 0.03% 2008 and 2009 the equity ratio is growth the share holder funds. Shams mill is the ROE 19.6% in 2005 but 2006 growth of ROE is decrees 7.69% and the next year in 2007 equity is more high increase in 27.86% for higher than the previous year. 2008 and 2009 ratio of equity is less than 1 percent in -6.99% -19.5% is profit of share holder equity. This tells us that net loss of the firms will lead them to a serious position and this position may not allow them to survive and ultimately there are more chances that many firms will be bankrupt Earning per share Earning per Share (EPS) is an indicator of the firm performance. It depends upon the profitability of the firms. It is calculated after closing the previous years books. It is the portion of the firms profit which is allocated to each outstanding share of investors. In other words, it is a valid and reliable tool to measure the profitability of the companies. It is calculated as: EPS=   Net income-dividends on preferred stocks X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Average outstanding shares Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 12.86% 10.22% 7.58% 36.86% 6.81% Kohinoor Mill 0.92% 2.82% -0.32% -0.02% -3.02% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.53% -0.68% 3.11% 1.86% 1.45% Fazal Mill 6.61% 7.86% -3.31% 1.62% 4.09% Shams Mill 8.12% 4.76% 21.83% -4.69% -9.65% EPS is considered as the single most significant variable in determining a shares price in stock exchange. This variable also tells price-to-earnings valuation ratio. The table tells about the EPS situation of Nishat textile mill of Pakistan. It is obvious that in 2005, the mean value of EPS is 12.86%, whereas, it has decline to 10.22% in 2006, almost they will be less than the previous year 2006 and 2007 value of EPS is more decrease in 2007 of 7.58% than the other hand 2008 is value of share is increase four times greater than previous years 36.86%. is much higher in 2007the ratio of EPS. And will be profit on the share holder in 2008. EPS 6.81% in 2009 they will be decrease by the previous year. The share holder profit is minim. Kohinoor textile the price in stock exchange 0.92% in 2005 and greater than the 2.82% in 2006. Other wise the company share price is decrease in-0.32 in 2007 and company reputation was very poor. EPS was -0.02, -3.02 reduce by the 2008 and 2009. The compan y profit is under the previous year. Gul ahmed mill in Pakistan earring per share in 2005 was 1.53% and -.68% in 2006 was the share price is under the 2005but 2007 the company was work done properly in 3.11% to increase earring price. 2008 and 2009 EPS is decrease in 1.86%, 1.45% which compare to 2007. Fazal textile mill is reliable profit in 6.61% for the period of 2005. The company was most significant variable in determining a share price stock exchange. The price is earning in 7.86% 2006. The firm profit which allocate by share price. The company performance is better then the previous year. 2007 company performs not the work and they will be a decrease in share price -3.31% in 2007.share price will be increase in 1.62% 4.09% of 2008 and 2009 the performance of the company is better period of 2009. Shams mill Pakistan It is the portion of the firms profit which is allocated to each outstanding share of investors. Other words, it is a valid and reliable tool to measure the profitability of the companies. The company share price in 8.12% in 2005 and the company perform the work and profit allocate the outstanding of share of investor in 21.83% measure the profitability in 2007 but in 2008 the Fazal mill is decrease the share price -4.69% -9.65%in 2008 and 2009. Company are taken the loss in the year. They will not achieve the target of measure the profit but did the company to run the loss. Debit ratio Debt ratio is one the fundamental ratios used to determine the financial health of the firms. It tells that what is the level of total liabilities and assets of the firms. Debit ratio= Total liabilities X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 48.83% 3.33% 31.45% 52.03% 63% Kohinoor Mill 132.05% 140.89% 119.23% 171.08% 312.05% Gul Ahmed Mill 0.93% 1.06% 0.85% 1.07% 0.98% Fazal Mill 1.38% 1.51% 1.57% 2.23% 1.56% Shams Mill 0.4% 1.04% 1.92% 2.39% 3.1% Nishat textile mill of Pakistan have 48.83% debt ratio in 2005 and 3.33% in 2006 respectively .it means that the liabilities are more than the asset. Debt ratio 31.45% in 2007 that the company is the asst is more than the liabilities. The ratio is 52.03%, 63.00% and the debt ratio is increase by the 2008 and 2009 the financial of firm health in total asst and total liabilities. Kohinoor textile mill 132.05% debt ratio in 2005 and 2006 is the debt ratio 140.89% will be increase the liability. 2007 debt ratio is decrease in 119.23% and the asset are increase and the liabilities are decrease but in 2008 the company performance is better ratio is 171.08%. And is higher the profit of Kohinoor mill company financial wealth in the level of asset and liabilities are increase by the 312.05% in 2009 and company performance is well better in 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill have 0.93% debt ratio in 2005 and 2006 which is 1.06% respectively it means that liabilities are under the asset and the asset increase in 2006but in 2007 to 2009 is in the ratio of 0.85% , 0.98% which was the liabilities are increase in the ratio. Fazal textile mill 1.38%, 1.51%, 1.57% and 2.23% in 2005 to 2008 and liabilities are decrease year by year, otherwise 2008 are asset and liabilities are increase mill wealth is strong but in 2009 ratio is 1.56% which compares by 2008 ratio is decrease in 2009. Shams mill have 0.4% debt ratio in 2005 and ratio raise by 3.1% in 2009. Mill perform the work is so good ratio has declined which means that whit the passage of time the difference between liabilities and asset is increasing. Total asset turnover Total Asset Turnover (TAT) is a ratio that deals with net sales and total assets. This ratio measures how well a firm is using its assets to generate revenue. Total asset turnover (TAT) = Net sales   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Average total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 48.83 3.33 31.45 52.03 63 Kohinoor Mill 132.05 140.89 119.23 171.08 312.05 Gul Ahmed Mill 0.93 1.06 0.85 1.07 0.98 Fazal Mill 1.38 1.51 1.57 2.23 1.56 Shams Mill 0.4 1.04 1.92 2.39 3.1 Nishat textile mill Table shows that in total asset turnover, asst turnover mean the values 48.83 in2005 and 2006 is 3.33.both figures tells about the industries generate revenue is not equal to the total asset. In 2007 to 2009 total asset turnover value of 31.45, 63.00 is generate the revenue means to equal the total asset. Kohinoor textile mill 132.05 total asset turnover values in 2005 and 140.89 asset turnover value increase in 2006 but 2007 value of the asset turnover will be decrease. 2008 in the asset value of 171.08 which is greater than the previous. In 2009 the total asset turnover is increase 312.05 in the year. The firm using and generate the revenue of net sale. Gul ahmed textile mill total asset turnover 0.93 in 2005 and generate revenue of net sale divided by average of total asset but 2006 asset turnover is increase in1.06 that year. 2007 to 2009 textile mill was generating the revenue in total asset 0.85, 0.98 is increasing which compeer to2007. Fazal textile mill is total asset of turnover value 1.38, 1.51, 1.57 in three year value increase by normally of mills asset in 2005 to 2007. But 2008 was generating the revenue of total asset turnover 2.23 which is greater than the previous year. And 2009 ratio 1.56 is under 2008. Shams textile mill 0.4 in 2005 total asset turnover Total Asset Turnover (TAT) is a ratio is increase by the properly in four year 1.04, 1.92 , 2.39 ,3.1 the asset generate that deals with net sales and total assets for 2006 to 2009. This ratio measures how well a firm is using its assets to generate revenue in the 2009 Fixed asset turnover Textile mills have to invest in fixed assets to generate revenue. It may be in shape of land, machinery etc. Ratio of fixed and capital assets depends upon the type of industry. Fixed Asset Turnover (FAT) =     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Net sales  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     X 100   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      Average fixed assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 0.88% 0.77% 0.73% 0.68% 0.87% Kohinoor Mill 0.83% 0.17% 0.82% 0.85% 1.17% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.46% 1.85% 2.08% 2%% 2.28% Fazal Mill 1.52% 1.61% 1.29% 1.06% Shams Mill 1.91% 1.83% 2% 2.25% 2.84% Nish at textile mill in Pakistan demand for more fixed asset. Table show that in 2005 this ratio is 0.88%, whereas, in 2006 it was 0.77%. It show that the textile mill as a whole generates less revenue by using fixed asset in 2006 as compared to previous year. Is that ratio in 2007 to 2009 was 0.73%, 0.68%, 0.87%. nishat textile mill as a whole generates less revenue by using fixed asset in 2007 to 2009 which compared to previous year. The mill was earned the growth in the 2009 and they will establish better work in 2009. Kohinoor textile mill for fixed asset in 2005 and ratio is 0.83%. They will be a revenue decrease in 0.17% in 2006. Ktm is fixed asset turnover is higher in the previous year. The ratio increase in 2007 to 2009 fixed asset ratio is 0.82%, 1.17% in the generate revenue in earned by the year 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill demand for more fixed asset table that show in 2005 ratio is 1.46% whereas, in 2009 it was 2.28% ratio was show in the table. That ratio is increase in yearly basis and the fixed asset turns over would be higher in previous year. Fazal mill was the fixed asset ratio in 2006 is 1.52% and 2007 was 1.61% they will be increases the asset but in 2008 the ratio will decrease 1.29% and more decrease in 2009 in ratio 1.06%. Total asset turnover was in decline the asset for fazal mill. Shams textile mill demand for more fixed asset table that show in 2005 ratio is 1.19% whereas, in 2009 it was 2.84% ratio was show in the table. That ratio is increase in yearly basis and the fixed asset turns over would be higher in previous year.