The Role Of Captive Primates On Zoos And Sanctuaries

I. Intro A. Since the first zoo was opened, people have sought out the exotic animals’ captive in them. Primates are one of the most common species found in zoos and sanctuaries because of their resemblance to humans. In the 2000s, people knew little on how to care for and treat primates in zoos and sanctuaries. Later, in the 2010s improvements in care, health, and animal rights have been made to increase the quality of life for captive primates. Research Question: How has various aspects of captive primates changed in zoos and sanctuaries? II. Body A. 2000-2010 Environment changes in zoos and sanctuaries via advances in diet, socialization, enclosure space, etc. i. † Just a decade ago, animal rights activists advocated the â€Å"liberation† of apes in zoos, some unaware that a revolution in great ape exhibitry was under way worldwide. Today, 40 AZA zoos are currently planning or implementing significant improvements in their elephant exhibits (J. Maddy, personal communication, June 11, 2006). Many primate experts endorse exhibits designed to provide appropriate social stimulation and challenge the animal’s intellect. What is good for apes may be equally good for elephants†, (Maple 65). ii. â€Å"In captivity, the more stable and mostly higher food availability in combination with proper medical care, improved hygienic circumstance and lack of predation generally are found to reduce age of first reproduction [Parga Lessnau, 2005; Shumaker et al., 2008; Sugiyama Ohsawa,Show MoreRelatedThe Falling Population of the Endangered Asiatic Lion Essay examples2966 Words   |  12 Pagessouth-west Asia to eastern India1â⠂¬ . The Asiatic Lion is currently situated in India’s Gujuat State, â€Å"numbering approximately 175 mature individuals, all occurring within one subpopulation1† – According to Red List. The Asiatic Lions exist mainly in the sanctuary of Gir Forest, in an area of 1153km2. They are a sub population. The Asiatic Lion has decreased since 1974, however, recent analysis shows that Asiatic lions are now sable1, but, poaching has increased2. They have been poached more commonly nowRead MoreAnimal Personality As An Individual s Distinguishing Pattern Of Behavior3801 Words   |  16 PagesPsychologist have been interested in the role of individual differences in behaviour that may reflect temperament or personalities. This line of research has resulted in a number of studies revealing individual differences in personality traits in such diverse species as primates, marine mammals, insects, fish, invertebrates, and birds (Gosling, 2001). To add to the growing literature on animal personality, the personality of five Asian elephants at Melbourne Zoo was explored. The personality of theseRead MoreKenyan Tourism Industry11160 Words   |  45 PagesPinsky and Rahr (2005) argue for potential of inclusion of recreation angling as form of ecotourism. Novelli, Barnes and Humavindu argue that t rophy hunting should also be included into ecotourism. Ryan and Saward (2004) in regard to captive aspect of ecotourism argue that zoos redesigned to mimic noncaptive habitat could too qualify as ecotourism. There is more debate on inclusion of more cultural element in ecotourism and more recently inclusion of indigenous ecotourism wherein its argued that centuries

Journal Of Advanced Biotechnology Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Advanced Biotechnology Research? Answer: Introduction Supply Chain Management is an important part of the business and is crucial for its success and customers satisfaction. Lean Manufacturing principles are the essential elements in the supply chain. With the help of these principles companies are able to create high valued products with the help of fewer resources of time, materials and with fewer errors. So, these principles would be applied to Bega Cheese Limited which is a wholly owned and operated Australian cheese and dairy company. It is headquartered at Bega Valley in New South Wales. It was established in 1899. With the help of its product design and manufacturing processes, it is able to produce and distribute its products to consumers in more than fifty countries around the world including Australia (Business Chief, 2018). The manufacturing design and production of Bega Cheese Limited consists of procurement of pastures in the form of raw material. The company produces fresh dairy products with the help of Artificial Insemination. The last stage of supply chain is the processing and distribution of dairy products through subcontracted marketing (PWC, 2011). So, in this report, the product design of Bega Cheese Limited would be analyzed along with the literature review of the theories of lean manufacturing and process management. The above management principles would be implemented to eliminate wastages from the operations of the company to make it cost effective. Literature Review According to Adriana and Ioana (2014) process management refers to alignment of the processes with the goals and objectives of the organization. It also indicates the application of the process design and establishment of the process measurement systems which align with the goals of the organization. It also comprises of various automated systems including work flow and ERP systems introduced to make the processes easier and less dependable on the human resources. Thus in Bega Cheese there are three stages of product design and manufacturing viz. pre-production, production and processing and distribution. The pre-production stage refers to the procurement of the pastures or feed for the cows which consists of 30% of the total expenditure. The dairy industry is focused on the technology of Artificial Insemination (AI). It is observed that with the help of AI, the cows generate 1000 liters of more milk per year. The second stage comprises of production of fresh milk which amounted to 2, 38,156 tons in FY2016 thereby reporting an increase of 5.9 % from the previous year (Bega Cheese Limited, 2016). The third stage comprises of processing and distribution. In the domestic market, the dairy products move mainly through three supply networks viz supermarkets, the route trade and food service channels. The supermarket channels includes major supermarkets, smaller chains and independent stores which represent the biggest and developing channel of distribution while the route trade comprising of convenience stores is the second largest distribution channel for dairy production. While the food service channel is the third biggest distribution channel consisting of caterers, restaurants and fast food outlets (Muehlhoff, Bennett and MacMahon, 2013). Lean manufacturing or lean production is a systematic method to reduce the wastage arising out of manufacturing systems without sacrificing the productivity. Lean Manufacturing focuses on eliminating the processes which does not add worth to the manufacturing or product designing process. According to Vignesh and Kumar (2015) lean management takes care of the wastages arising in transport, inventory, motion, overproduction, over processing and defects in the dairy industry. This can be achieved through planning a simple manufacturing system and improving it on continuous basis. Thus the concept of process management and lean manufacturing assist in providing higher quality with low cost of production. Main Factors influencing the Manufacturing Process Design in Bega Cheese Limited The manufacturing process of cheese consists of three stages, viz. pre-production, production of fresh milk and processing and distribution of cheese to wholesalers and retailers. It also comprises of exporting it to more than 50 countries. There are various factors influencing the manufacturing process design in Bega Cheese Limited. The foremost component in the manufacturing process of cheese is raw materials i.e. pasture which comprise of 30% of the total cost of production (Dairy Australia, 2018). The cost of agricultural inputs such as pasture for the feeding of the cows represents a high share of the total costs of the firms operating in the dairy industry. Pastures help in maximizing the production of milk which in turn is used for manufacturing other dairy products. Fertilizer is an important output to support the growth of pastures which comprise of 10% of the total cost of production. Besides this, the characteristics of raw materials such as their bulkiness and high perishability are crucial elements to govern the manufacturing process design of the company. Most of the manufacturing centers of Bega Cheese Limited tend to locate near the local dairy farms for easy accessibility of raw milk supply. Another important component of production of cheese is milk. Due to less availability of milk, there has been an effect on the production of cheese. Also, there has been a noticeable move of the consumer preference from cheddar to non cheddar cheese. The dairy industry is mainly focused on genetic progress. The Artificial Insemination (AI) is widely used to increase the production of milk. The consumption of milk and cheese regulate the prices and manufacturing of the dairy products. Also, there are various risks affecting the manufacturing process design of Bega Cheese Limited. The internal risk comprise of Supply or Commercial Risks. It is the risk amounting to the risk of relationship failing or succeeding depending upon the loss of key supervisory resulting in business interruption or appointment of competent managerial personnel resulting in efficient production (Gitau, 2013). The operational risk pertains to the risk of human mistakes or carelessness which obstructs the supply chain. It includes the product design mistakes, risk of employee practices and interruptions in the manufacturing process. It is essential for the suppliers of milk to have enough capacity and safety in terms of collection and storage of milk. Due to lack of chilling and cooling centers, there is an increase in the storage cost and decline in the milk quality (Tamime, 2017). The strategic risks comprises of risk of plan failures such as imperfection of marketing and business strategy leading to failure in the execution of processes (Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence, 2014). For manufacturing of cheese, cows are milked two times a day and it can be stored in the refrigerators for not more than 48 hours. It increases the milk handling and storage costs leading to financial and performance loss. The technical risks pertain to the breakdown or failure in the operation of machinery or equipment. It affects the execution of processes relating to manufacturing or infrastructure. Degraded infrastructure for collection and storage of milk will influence the manufacturing process of cheese in the company. The lack of proper tools and techniques for milk storage will intensify the food safety and spoilage risks. The manufacturing process of cheese is affected by lack of an efficient refrigeration system for storage of milk. Long distances of transportation and insufficient chilling facilities affect the acquiring costs along with adversely affecting the quality of milk (Yazdaninasab and Sabaghi, 2016). The external risks affecting the manufacturing process design pertains to the risk of supplier and logistic failures. The risk of withdrawal of the suppliers of raw materials and disagreement on the payment terms can lead to disruption in the supply of raw material which can lead to disturbance in the production processes and finally on the revenue. The environmental risks comprise of natural disasters affecting the manufacturing process design of Bega Cheese Limited. It is one of the significant factors affecting the manufacturing product design of the dairy industry. The production of milk is affected by the season. Animals produce more milk in the spring season when the fields are lush whereas it reduces in the autumn and winter seasons. In order to avoid this problem, the farmers have to compensate with feed supplement to ensure that the production is carried out evenly throughout the year. Similarly, the quality of milk is also affected during the dry season. In the spring seasons, cows produce more milk with good quality as compared to winter and autumn seasons. Other important factors affecting the manufacturing and distribution processes are bad weather and volcanic eruptions. They cause delay in the manufacturing process including the transportation thereby increasing the transport, labor and opportunity costs. As milk and cheese are perishable products, delivery on time is crucial to meet the needs of the consumers. Due to the natural disasters, delays in the manufacturing and transportation processes may lead to spoilage of the product and rejections by the customers (Bajrami et al.,2017). The complexity of legal liabilities is yet another factor affecting the manufacturing process of Bega Cheese Limited. The European Union health and safety regulations affect the procurement and supply of milk for the manufacturing of cheese. These regulations test the quality of milk. If it fails to meet the safety standards, then it cant be moved further for production of cheese. The high cost of safety processes to meet the safety regulations will increase the pressure on margins, cost and efficiency of manufacturing processes (Schirone, Visciano, Tofalo and Suzzi, 2017). Reduction in the supplier base is another problem affecting the manufacturing processes of the company. It leads of shortage of the availability of raw materials such as milk which will finally lead to decrease in the production of cheese. Due to financial risks, the company faces the problem of fluctuating milk prices. It leads to less availability of milk to produce the cheese. The company has to pay more prices for their milk and it significantly affects the cost structure of the company. The shortage of skilled labor also affects the manufacturing process of Bega Cheese Limited. Due to high labor turnover ratio and exit of the skilled work force, the production of cheese is affected to a great extent. Moreover, the training and recruitment expenses of labor also affect the company financially. While automation may assist to fill the labor gap, humans will still be required by the company for their unique capability of problem solving, analyzing the issues and managing the outputs (Elms and Low, 2013). High competition also affects the manufacturing processes indirectly. To mitigate the global competition, the company has to introduce more efficiency and effectiveness in the manufacturing process. According to Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (n.d.) the factors affecting the manufacturing processes are inefficiency of the processing plants to produce more goods. Also, there is lack of transparency or accountability in pricing and the processors are unable to negotiate with the farmers thereby causing disruption in the supply of milk for the production of cheese. Another constraint in the development of the manufacturing process is low productivity of the animals to produce milk. There has been a decline in the contribution of the animals to yield milk in the recent years. Also, machine milking of these animals was not practiced till recent times. The challenges faced by the manufacturing processes in Bega Cheese Limited are lower quality and lack of infrastructure. Although the produced milk is reasonably hygienic but there is lack of infrastructure for handling it. There is inefficiency of cold storage and inappropriate arrangements to obtain quality milk from the producers. Furthermore, the milk produced from the buffaloes has different constituents from that produced from cows. So, technologies developed to manufacture the dairy products from cows milk cannot be implemented to buffalos milk without effective modifications (Guth, 2017). Additionally, with the changes in the target markets, there is a need to modify the manufacturing processes accordingly. With the increase in the life expectancy, number of older population has increased, so there is an increasing demand for special nutritional products. With the growing automation and changing methods of cooking in the kitchens, there is a need for manufacturing new and innovative dairy products to match the needs of the changing demands of the consumers (Bhattacharya, 2014). With the increasing awareness about the safety and hygiene of the products, the quality has to be maintained along with the price. Also, a remarkable growth has been projected for the convenience foods by the analysts. With the increasing awareness about the health, consumers are demanding for products which have high nutritional value but are low in fat. So, the manufacturing processes are to be modified accordingly. Also, the urban customers are demanding products with longer shelf life. All these trends indicate that the manufacturing processes of the dairy products demand innovations in their manufacturing styles (Kurajdova and Petrovicova, 2015). Appropriate training of the human resources is necessary for up gradation of the manufacturing processes according to the changing trends of the market. Besides this, Bega Cheese is facing certain challenges in the production of cheese and other dairy products such as implementation of cost effective and modern technologies to manufacture good quality products , diversification of the range of products , improvement and up gradation of the useful life of the products, evolution of proper systems of packaging, arrangements for storage, certifications of food safety, transportation and preservation of the food products sent for sale, government legislations, proper disposal of industrial waste, efficient management of resources and energy and customer services . Elimination of Wasteful Processes for Cost Reduction by Applying Lean Manufacturing Principles According to Manzouri et al. (2014) the lean management process consists of quality development, process focus, continuous improvement, value stream management and worker empowerment. The goal of lean management principle is to fulfill the consumer to the fullest through elimination of wastage in the production processes. Reduction of wastages can be considered in the human resources, production design processes, distribution and inventory procurement and storage sections. The Lean management principles can be divided into six areas viz process and equipment, manufacturing, planning and control, human resources, product design and customer and supplier relationships. Thus lean management principles comprise of problem identification, analysis to the cause of problems and resolving the identified problems. Bega Cheese Limited should implement principles such as Just In Time (JIT) which will help the company to procure as much resources which are needed. It will help in reduction of wastage of financial as well as material resources. As the company will purchase only the required resources when needed, less inventory will be kept idle in the warehouses thereby reducing the cost of production (Sathiyabama and Dasan, 2013). The number of resources should be kept as minimum as possible. For example, the number of suppliers should be less and stable. Bulk purchases should be procured from the suppliers so that the raw materials can be purchased at low prices thereby increasing cost effectiveness. Also, it can adopt other techniques such as Total Quality Management (TQM) which is a management approach to improve the processes, production, services and the overall work culture of the organization. By following this principle, the members of Bega Cheese can participate in upgrading the production processes by using strategy data and effective communication to integrate quality discipline into the undertakings and values of the organization (Malathi and Prasad, 2017). This approach is customer focused, process centered, needs involvement of the employees and a fact based decision making method to improve the supply chain of the company. Another method of lean management principles is Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) which is a holistic approach to equipment maintenance to accomplish the desired production. It emphasizes on no breakdowns of machinery, focuses to enhance the efficiency of the machinery along with valuing a safe working environment. It aims at proactive and preventive maintenance of machinery to increase its operational efficiency. Thus, the implementation program of TPM in Bega Cheese shall ensure the shared accountability and greater involvement for equipment maintenance by the plant floor workers. It can help in improving the productivity by increasing the up time; reduce cycling times and eliminating defects in the machinery (Madanhire and Mbohwa, 2015). The members in the supply chain should implement the lean principles to improve their internal activities in the first place. They should apply these principles to improve the product quality and reduce the procurement and transportation costs. They should further generalize these developments in all levels of the supply chain. Thus all the methods and procedures should be applied on the basis of overall supply chain benefits. The management of Bega Cheese should cultivate systematic thinking to improve the manufacturing processes such as improving the genetic development and preservation of the nationally important breeds through selective breeding in their domestic areas to increase the milk production capacity and draught ability (Hartman, 2015). Through genetic developments in the tolerance power, disease and pest resistance in higher yielding animals and pasture management can enhance the milk yielding capacity in the animals. The company needs introduce improvements in its productivity by reinforcing the use of frozen semen technology, embryo transfer technology and cloning of embryos through biotechnology. Additionally, the company should adopt benchmarking best practices by innovating new technologies to produce products which meet the changing demands of the customers. To address this, research and development interventions and newer developments in the dairy processing areas can be utilized to enhance the processes for production of traditional milk products. According to Garnier, Valence and Mounier (2017) in order to resolve the problems related to contamination of dairy products and to increase their shelf life, technologies such as air filtration and decontamination systems, inactivation treatments, controlling of temperature and modified atmosphere packaging should be adopted by the company to increase the productivity and to cater to the changing needs of the customers. Besides this, an energy cost is a crucial aspect in determination of production cost. It can be reduced by adopting non-conventional sources of energy such as heat pumps, condensate recovery systems and regeneration. Thus the adoption of the lean management principles can certainly improve the performance of the company (Arslankayaa and Atay, 2015). Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that the ultimate goal of lean management principles is to eliminate wastage and increase the productivity of the manufacturing processes. To implement this, the bench marketing of the best industrial practices should be done by providing the training courses and developing adequate skills and expertise among the human resources of the company. Also, conducting regular meetings of the people involved in supply chain to enable effective decision making .These endeavors will make the employees feel accountable for the activities which will minimize system failures. Implementation of proper IT infrastructure is crucial to help in forecasting demands, developing standard products and decreasing human errors pertaining to the manufacturing and packing processes. References Adriana, M. and Ioana, A. (2014) The Traceability Study in the Process of Manufacturing the Cheese with Romano Hard Paste. Management of Sustainable Development. 6(2), pp. 75-77. Arslankayaa, S. and Atay, H. (2015) Maintenance management and lean manufacturing practices in a firm which produces dairy products. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences .207 (2015), pp. 214 224. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (n.d.) The Australian dairy industry [online] Available from: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Farmer%2520Power_0.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence (2014) Managing the Long Term Impact of Water Recycling on Irrigated Dairy Farms: The Bega Cheese Case Study [online] Available from: https://vuir.vu.edu.au/32266/1/Bega%2BIntegrated%2BReport%2B-%2BFINAL.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Bajrami, E., Wailes, E.J., Dixon, B.L., Musliu, A. and Morat, A.D. (2017) Factors affecting the technical efficiency of dairy farms in Kosovo. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 18(4), pp.823-840. Bega Cheese Limited (2016) Annual Report 2016 [online] Available from: https://www.begacheese.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/00-Bega-Cheese-2016-Annual-Report_interactive.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Bhattacharya, S.(2014) Conventional and Advanced Food Processing Technologies. John Wiley Sons. Business Chief (2018) Bega Cheese Ltd [online] Available from: https://anz.businesschief.com/company/29/Bega-Cheese-Ltd [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Dairy Australia (2018) Production summary [online] Available from: https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/industry/production-and-sales/production-summary [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Elms, D.K. and Low, P. (2013) Global Value Chains in a Changing World. World Trade Organization. Garnier , L. , Valence , F. and Mounier. J. (2017) Review Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: An Update. Microorganisms .5(42), pp. 1-33. Gitau , K.J.(2013) Factors Influencing Milk Production Among Small Scale Dairy Farmers in Mirangine in Nyandarua County and Mauche in Nakuru County, Kenya [online] Available from: https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/60135/Gitau_Factors%20influencing%20milk%20production.pdf?sequence=3 [Accessed 21st March, 2018]. Guth, M. ( 2017) Determinants of milk production in FADN dairy farms in the regions of the European Union with predominance of intensive production in 20111. Management. 20(2),pp. 473-486. Hartman, B.(2015) The Lean Farm: How to Minimize Waste, Increase Efficiency, and Maximize Value and Profits with Less Work. Chelsea Green Publishing. Kurajdova, K. and Petrovicova, J.T. (2015) Literature Review on Factors Influencing Milk Purchase Behaviour. International Review of Management and Marketing. 5( 1), pp.9-25. Madanhire , I. and Mbohwa, C.(2015) Maintenance Technology Tools to Improve Plant Availability for Dairy Industry: Case Study. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2015. [online] Available from: https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2015/WCE2015_pp933-938.pdf [Accessed 21st March, 2018]. Malathi,G. and Prasad, R.S.R.(2017) Total Quality Management in Indian Dairy Industry (A Comparative Study on Select Units in Dairy Industry). IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM).19(6), pp. 13-17. Manzouri, M., Rahman, M.N.A., Zain, C.R.C.M. and Jamsari, E.A. (2014) Increasing Production and Eliminating Waste through Lean Tools and Techniques for Halal Food Companies. Sustainability. 2014(6), pp. 9179-9204. Muehlhoff, E. , Bennett , A. and MacMahon , D.(2013)Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition .Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. PWC (2011) The supply chain and major stakeholders [online] Available from: https://www.pwc.com.au/industry/agribusiness/assets/australian-dairy-industry-nov11.pdf [Accessed 20th March, 2018]. Sathiyabama, C. N. and Dasan, P. (2013) Optimum Resource Allocation and Eliminating Waste Inside the Food Industry. Central European Business Review. 2(2),pp. 31-44. Schirone, M., Visciano, P. , Tofalo, R. and Suzzi, G. (2017) Biological Hazards in Food. Frontiers Media SA. Tamime, A.Y.(2017) Microbial Toxins in Dairy Products. John Wiley Sons. Vignesh, J. and Kumar, V.B.(2015) Implementing of Lean Manufacturing Tool In Dairy Industry: A Review. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 4(3),pp. 50-54. Yazdaninasab, A. and Sabaghi, M.A.(2016)Factors affecting the dairy industry's products export in Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR).7(4), pp. 26-30.

Yale Art Gallery an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Yale Art Gallery Despite the fact that I have visited Yale several times, this was my first trip to the Yale Art Gallery. I was surprised to find that part of the art of the museum is housed in a beautiful gothic style building while the remainder is very modern. I was equally surprised to learn that the museum is the oldest in the Western hemisphere. Although the museum is quite small, it provides a comfortable environment conducive to education, as there are several study areas and student groups studying the works displayed. Need essay sample on "Yale Art Gallery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed I particularly enjoyed the way the architectural structure of the museum made use of structure and light in order to create a distinct mood. The lobby of the museum features contemporary furniture and ebony wood, which makes visitors feel welcome, as though the lobby is a living room. In contrast, the galleries have high, concrete beam ceilings, which I found myself staring at before I even noticed the paintings. These create a solemn, sacred atmosphere. Mevrouw Bodolphe Frans Hals (1581/851666) The first thing that caught my eye when I saw this painting was the serious, almost dour expression on the subject's face. Though few people have their portraits painted today, modern portraits still exist in the form of photography. In general, most people smile when they have their pictures taken. In contrast, the subject of this particular portrait is almost scowling. She stares out from the wall with pensive eyes and a furrowed brow. When I noticed her right hand tightly gripping a handkerchief I got the impression that she was uneasy, perhaps even uncomfortable having her portrait painted. The sober and gloomy portrayal of the woman is characteristic of the conservative Protestant ideals of the period. The Great Departure of the Buddha Maker Unknown (2nd to 3rd Century CE) I was struck by the ability of the artist to convey the expressions of the group of the people despite the fact that the facial expressions of the people are difficult to see. The Buddha figure in the center of the carving is almost the exact opposite of the stout, cross-legged Buddha image with which I am accustomed. The people around Buddha seem to be kneeling or pressing their palms together as a sign of worship and respect. The use of depth in the relief gives the illusion that Buddha is sitting on his horse in front of everyone else, which gives the appearance that he is rising above from the crowd while the people reach out to grab hold of his hand or reverently bow their heads in prayer. It was also particularly interesting to note that the carving, much like Chinese novels, portrays a scene which is read from right to left. Owl Shaped Wine Vessel Zun (Shang Dynasty) I was intrigued by the detail carved into the wine vessel. From the base of vessel that depicts the tail feathers and talons of the owl there appeared to be intricate geometric patterns. Upon closer inspection I realized the shapes were in fact snakelike figures. These figures cover nearly the entire vessel, including on the owl's wings. There appears to be a serpent head above the handle. I found it particularly interesting to note that the emphasis of the vessel appears to be on the talons of the owl, unlike modern representations of owls that tend to focus on the eyes. The eyes of the owl on the vessel look upward. Saint John the Baptist in the Wilderness Caravaggio (1604) Considering this is a painting of a Saint, I was surprised to note that there is little evidence that shows this is a painting of a religious figure. John the Baptist has no halo, nor is he surrounded by sheep. No doves fly in the sky above his head. Instead, Saint John is portrayed in the midst of the wilderness, with dramatic shadows cast over his body. Were it not for the thin cross that he is holding, and the name of the painting, it would be almost impossible to tell this is a painting of a religious figure. Saint John appears solemn and lost in thought. It is interesting to note the use of contrast in this painting. Saint John appears to be turning away from the darkness toward the light. Seated Guanyin Artist Unknown (11th to 12th Century) In this sculpture, Buddha is seated on a stone throne-like structure. Buddha wears simple but elegant looking garments. The relief emphasizes Buddha's elevation, as the figure appears to be above the rest of the world. Buddha's face is carved at a downward angle, which gives the impression that he is looking down. The portrayal of Buddha in this piece is reminiscent of the female form, and Buddha sits semi-reclined on his right hand. Buddha appears relaxed, yet deep in thought. The bare wall behind Buddha draw the viewer's eyes to Buddha's serene expression. Scenes from the Battle of Yashima Sumiyoshi School (Edo Period 16151868) This work depicts two warring families, with one family proudly raising red banners, and the other white banners. The six panels portray a massive landscape, with one family in close formation standing on solid ground, while the other family appears to be fleeing out to their boats on the sea. The use of landscape contributes to the mood of the piece. The green hills in the distance and the open sea emphasize the large territory over which the battle was fought. The soft, neutral hues of the skyline are more indicative of peace than of war, which gives the viewer the impression that the war is almost over. Reference Yale University (New Haven, Conn.) Art Gallery 'Handbook of the collections - Yale University Art Gallery' New Haven, Conn. Yale Univ. Art Gallery 1992 Yale University. Art Gallery.; Yale University. School of Art and Architecture '20 artists : Yale School of Art' New Haven : Yale University Art Gallery, 1981.

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies Introduction Market efficiency can be defined as the degree to which the prices reflect all the available information in the market. In other words, market efficiency is a condition where the market prices display the prevailing conditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, the market prices may not reflect the prevailing market conditions based on the available information. In this case, the market is said to be inefficient. Market inefficiencies occur in rare cases. When this occurs, the market is interrupted from the normal arrangements and this lead to complications. Explanation for an Efficient Market and How It Operates As already seen, market efficiency can be defined as the situation where the prices charged in the market reflects all the information available to the participants. In order for th e market to function effectively, it is always necessary to have enough participants willing to sell or buy goods (Kirschen and Strbac, 2004). The price determination process is of great significance in the market. However, this is based on the information available in the market. The information available to buyers and sellers should be unbiased in order to come up with reliable and sustainable prices. The market where all these conditions are satisfied is referred to as an efficient market. Therefore, under the efficient market conditions for instance, buying or selling of the stock reflects fair returns after deducting the costs incurred through a transaction. In many cases, when people puts money in the stock market their main goal is generation of returns. In some cases, many investors even aim at getting more than necessary returns by surpassing the market (Heakal, 2011). However, the prices of a particular stock reflect all the information available about the stock. This impl ies that there is no investor who can have an advantage of forecasting on the returns of a stock because all the players have access to all available information. Such kind of a market is efficient. Decisions are made with reference to the information available (Investo 2011). All investors have similar knowledge about a certain stock. In this case, all investors are assumed to be rational.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, they will most likely have similar choices. In other words, investors are assumed to behave in a certain way. Mankiw (2008, Essentials of Economics), observed that the prices only respond to the information available in the market. Therefore, since every person in the market has equal access to the same information, then no one has the ability to make more profit than the other. In a perfect market, it is assumed that there are a lar ge number of buyers and sellers and a homogenous product and full information (Evans 2004). Therefore, a perfect market is efficient since the participants make informed decisions. Example of an efficient market; Market for polythene bags In the illustration above, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. In other words, the equilibrium market price leads to an efficient market. Explanation for Market Inefficiency and Its Causes In an inefficient market, the prices become random rather than predictable. Even with access to all the available information about the market, the participants’ prediction is rarely reflected in the prices (Barnes, 2009). In this case, the prices become random. When there are market inefficiencies, the prices m ay be set in such a way that they don’t reflect the market value. This difference is what is referred to as the market inefficiency. The prices are determined by external forces rather than the market forces. Market inefficiency is regarded as one of the market failure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Externalities are the main causes of the market inefficiencies. Externalities lead to an inefficient allocation of resources (Mankiw, 2008, principles of economics). This is the main reason why externalities cause inefficiency in the market. One of the common causes of these inefficiencies through externalities is the government intervention. For instance, the government may intervene in the market fort the polythene bags due to its contribution in environmental pollution. In the absence of the government interv ention, the equilibrium price will be reflecting what the consumers are willing to pay for the product given the prices in the market (Boyes and Melvin, 2006). This is determined by the information available to both sellers and buyers in the market. Therefore when there is no government intervention, the prices will adjust to balance the supply and demand of the polyphone bags in this case. In this case, both consumers and sellers are able to maximize their surplus. In other words, this allocation leads to maximization of the total value to the consumers who purchase the polythene bags less the costs incurred in its production (Dimson and Mussavian, 2000). In this case, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. The case of government interventi onAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the government intervention in effort to reduce the level of pollution has led to a drop in the quantity provided in the market below the equilibrium level. The government intervention interferes with the equilibrium level of prices. This shifts the equilibrium level from the original position to another. This will lead to shortage in polythene bags which will induce the suppliers to increase their prices. This will lead to a decrease in consumer surplus. The prices charged will also not reflect the equilibrium price. This will lead to inefficiency in the market. In other words, any intervention in the market will lead to the market inefficiency. Similarly, taxation will also act by increasing the prices above the equilibrium level. Consequently, this will result into market inefficiency. This is because the prices will not reflect the equilibrium, market prices. Other government interventions will lead into similar results. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion h as given a clear understanding of an efficient market and inefficient market. The study has clearly shown that in an efficient market, all the participants have equal access to the available information. The market price in a particular time is reflected by the information available in the market (Crosier, 2004). On the other hand, an inefficient market is characterised by random prices. In this case, the prices are not predictable. From the discussion, it can be seen that the markets cannot be absolutely efficient all absolutely inefficient. In most cases, the market reflects all these aspects of the market. Based on this information, it is advisable for all participants to refer to all the information available in the market in order to come up with the most feasible decisions. To those investors seeking to invest on shares, they are advised to find out all information necessary about the company in question. This will enable the company. This will enable the investor to determine whether the prices set for shares are reasonable before making their final decisions to buy. Reference List Barnes, P., 2009. Stock Market Efficiency, Insider Dealing and Market Abuse. England, Gower Publishing, Ltd. Boyes, W. and Melvin, M., 2006. Economics. U.S.A., Cengage Learning. Crosier, L., 2004. Selling Your Business: The Transition from Entrepreneur to Investor. New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons. Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M., 2000. â€Å"Market Efficiency.† Spellbound Publications, 2000. Vol.3, Pp. 959-970. Evans, A. 2004. Economics, Real Estate and the Supply of Land. Wiley-Blackwell. Heakal, R., 2011. What Is Market Efficiency? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-market-efficiency/ . Investo, 2011. What Is an Efficient Market and How Does It Affect Individual Investors? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/marketefficiency.asp . Kirschen, D. and Strbac, G., 2004. West Sussex: Fundamentals of power system economics. New York, John Wiley and Sons. Mankiw, N., 2008. Essentials of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. Mankiw, N., 2008. Principles of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning.

Au Cas Où - French Expression Explained

Au Cas Oà ¹ - French Expression Explained The French expression Au cas oà ¹ (pronounced [o ka oo], note that there is no liaison between cas and oà ¹) literally translates  to in the case where Explanation and Examples The French expression au cas oà ¹ is exactly equivalent to (just) in case in English. You can use it in front of a subject plus verb in the conditional, in which case its register is normal to formal. The more interesting - and informal - usage is when its tacked on to the end of a sentence. If you dont already use au cas oà ¹ regularly, you soon will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Au cas oà ¹ il rentrerait avant nous, je vais lui laisser un mot.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Just) in case he gets home before us, Im going to leave him a note.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un parapluie, au cas oà ¹ il pleuvrait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring an umbrella, (just) in case it rains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apporte un blouson, au cas oà ¹.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bring a jacket, just in case. Synonymous Expressions For au cas oà ¹ conditional: dans le cas oà ¹des fois quepour le cas oà ¹ For the informal au cas oà ¹ at the end of a sentence: tout hasardpour le cas oà ¹

Production Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Production Management - Essay Example ated tasks are being attended to with necessary know how and skills.The deepening of this trend is evidenced by the fact that several of these sub contracting firms(SMEs particularly) have acquired specialist status and their deployment is much sought after.In fact doing business in such a fashion equates working in highly organized networks of organizations that are lined up for specific responsibilities for delivering the final products or services.In the construction business there has been a concerted move towards systematic hiring of contractors and as a catching trend of last 20 years such hiring has become highly specialized with a large and growing network of specialist trade sub contractors. The growth of the specialist sub-contract sector in the construction industry has ensured the importance of specialist trade sub contractors to the overall project development process. ... aptations required by the construction industry to accommodate the design, contractual, administrative, control and co-ordination aspects of various levels of involvement on construction projects. A bird's eye view of a typically networked and partnered construction effort-Comparison between UK and US In order to serve as an illustration a large sized state construction effort in US can be cited as below: "In most cases, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building serves as the construction program manager for state construction projects in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building represents the interests of the entity and exercises independent oversight of the professional contractor and constructor team (i.e., general contractor and sub-contractors). The Bureau of Building, professional team, constructor team, and a building commissioning agent, when applicable, enter a contractual relationship for a project. The Bureau of Building exercises direct oversight of architects, engineers, building commissioning agents and other contract professionals, while it performs indirect supervision of the construction contractors through the primary professional contractor and the building commissioning agent. Because the bureau does not have the in-house capability to perform some of the design and construction tasks that some private construction program managers can provide, it may employ engineers, contract analysts, architects, or construction project administrators to manage and monitor projects. The bureau has authority to compel adherence to contract specifications and schedules, applying sanctions to firms or individuals within the constructor team that do not fulfill their responsibilities"(Joint,2005). The above is a typical

American Literature Exam question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Literature Exam question - Coursework Example Linda is denied the right to raise her own children, as are many other black women. Slaves are not allowed to marry whom they choose, and a black husband and wife sometimes are not allowed to live together. White men father children with black women, but lack absolutely any kind of parental obligation towards the children, and in some cases, like with Mr. Sands, may be tempted to sell them to get out of financial trouble. We see that the hatred slavery enforces distorts the most basic of all emotions: that of a parent towards his child. The lack of freedom and basic human rights does not affect only individuals, but all social structures. Normal human relationships inside and outside of a family cannot survive the devastating influence of the slavery system which deliberately dehumanizes black people, shamelessly stripping them off their dignity and rights as human beings.